{"id":176,"date":"2026-08-21T12:02:25","date_gmt":"2026-08-21T12:02:25","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/baharkilic.org\/?p=176"},"modified":"2026-08-21T14:04:09","modified_gmt":"2026-08-21T14:04:09","slug":"dini-kesfetmek-14-bolum-mikroevrim-ve-makroevrim","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/baharkilic.org\/?p=176","title":{"rendered":"Dini Ke\u015ffetmek 14. B\u00f6l\u00fcm &#8211; Mikroevrim ve Makroevrim"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>&nbsp;<span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva; font-size: small;\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"\/\/player.vimeo.com\/video\/145844116?title=0&amp;amp;byline=0\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva; font-size: small;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva; font-size: small;\">M\u0130KROEVR\u0130M:<\/strong><\/span> K&uuml;&ccedil;&uuml;k &ccedil;apl\u0131, yani&nbsp;<strong style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva; font-size: small;\">tek bir pop&uuml;lasyon i&ccedil;inde (bir t&uuml;r&uuml;n kendi i&ccedil;inde)&nbsp;<\/strong>ve genellikle genlerde\/proteinlerde ger&ccedil;ekle\u015fen evrimsel de\u011fi\u015fimlerdir.&nbsp;Bu tip evrimsel de\u011fi\u015fimler &ccedil;o\u011fu zaman fiziksel &ouml;zelliklere bak\u0131larak&nbsp;g&ouml;zlemlemlenemez, ama istisnalar elbette vard\u0131r. Bug&uuml;ne dek do\u011fada say\u0131s\u0131z do\u011fal se&ccedil;ilim olay\u0131 g&ouml;zlemlenmi\u015ftir. G&ouml;zlemleyebildi\u011fimiz mikroevrimin en g&uuml;zel &ouml;rneklerinden birisi, bakterilerin geli\u015ftirdi\u011fi <span style=\"color: #993300;\"><a href=\"\/post\/2012\/08\/12\/Bakterilerde_gelisen_antibiyotik_direnci\" target=\"_blank\">antibiyotik direncidir<\/a><\/span>. Buna ili\u015fkin ba\u015fka pek &ccedil;ok &ouml;rnek verilebilecek olsa da, en g&uuml;ncel ve &ccedil;arp\u0131c\u0131 olan\u0131 Prof. Richard Lenski&rsquo;nin <span style=\"color: #000000;\"><em>E. coli<\/em> bakterileri<\/span> &uuml;zerinde y&uuml;r&uuml;tt&uuml;\u011f&uuml; ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 <a href=\"\/post\/2011\/08\/19\/Evrimi-Deneyle-Gozlemek-ve-Ogrenmek-Isteyenlere-Lenski-Deneyi\" target=\"_blank\">deneydir<\/a>.&nbsp;<\/span><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva; font-size: small;\">G&uuml;n&uuml;m&uuml;zde bizzat g&ouml;zlemleyebildi\u011fimiz mutasyonlarla ilgili bilgi almak i&ccedil;in <\/span><a style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva; font-size: small;\" href=\"\/post\/2011\/05\/29\/Faydali-mutasyonlar\" target=\"_blank\">t\u0131klay\u0131n<\/a><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva; font-size: small;\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva; font-size: small;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>MAKROEVR\u0130M:<\/strong><\/span>&nbsp;Uzun vadede meydana gelen ve fiziksel &ouml;zelliklere yans\u0131yan, g&ouml;zle g&ouml;r&uuml;lebilen evrimsel de\u011fi\u015fimlerdir. Bu asl\u0131nda mikroevrimin devam\u0131d\u0131r; di\u011fer bir deyi\u015fle gen s\u0131kl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n pop&uuml;lasyon i&ccedil;erisinde mikro-de\u011fi\u015fimi, zaman dilimine daha geni\u015f bakt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zda kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131za makro-de\u011fi\u015fim olarak &ccedil;\u0131kar.&nbsp;Tek h&uuml;creli alglerin (su yosunlar\u0131) &ccedil;ok h&uuml;creli mikroorganizmalara evrimi (videoyu izlemek i&ccedil;in <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=FeuNLiOqKzU\" target=\"_blank\">t\u0131klay\u0131n<\/a>), makroevrime bir &ouml;rnektir.<\/span>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva; font-size: small;\">&nbsp; &nbsp;&Ccedil;e\u015fitlili\u011fin yeni bir t&uuml;r&uuml;n olu\u015fmas\u0131na yetecek kadar birikerek artmas\u0131na ise&nbsp;<strong>T&Uuml;RLE\u015eME&nbsp;<\/strong>denir.&nbsp;Bunun olmas\u0131 i&ccedil;in, &ccedil;ok g&uuml;&ccedil;l&uuml; bir zorlay\u0131c\u0131 etkinin &ccedil;ok uzun bir s&uuml;re boyunca ortamda bulunmas\u0131 gerekir. Yeterli zaman tan\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131 takdirde temel evrimsel mekanizmalar (yani 1.&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #40bf40;\"><strong style=\"color: #40bf40;\">mutasyon &nbsp;<\/strong><\/span>2.&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #40bf40;\"><strong style=\"color: #40bf40;\">g&ouml;&ccedil; =gen ak\u0131\u015f\u0131&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/strong><span style=\"color: #000000;\">3.&nbsp;<\/span><strong style=\"color: #40bf40;\">genetik s&uuml;r&uuml;klenme<\/strong><span style=\"color: #40bf40;\">&nbsp; <\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\">4.&nbsp;<\/span><strong><span style=\"color: #40bf40;\">do\u011fal se&ccedil;ilim<\/span><\/strong><span style=\"color: #000000;\">)<\/span><span style=\"color: #40bf40;\">&nbsp;<\/span><\/span>b&uuml;y&uuml;k evrimsel de\u011fi\u015fimler yaratabilirler, ki canl\u0131l\u0131k tarihinin ge&ccedil;mi\u015fine dair bildi\u011fimiz her \u015fey zaten makroevrime yeterli say\u0131da ve &ccedil;e\u015fitte kan\u0131t\u0131 sunmaktad\u0131r.&nbsp;&nbsp;Ancak bu ayr\u0131m\u0131 sadece daha kolay anla\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131 i&ccedil;in yap\u0131yoruz. &Ouml;z&uuml;nde makroevrim ile mikroevrim birbirinden ayr\u0131 iki mekanizma de\u011fildir. Evrim dedi\u011fimiz s&uuml;re&ccedil; mikroevrim olarak i\u015fler; yani makroevrim de asl\u0131nda birikimli mikroevrimdir.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva; font-size: small;\">&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva; font-size: small;\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/image.axd?picture=2011%2f12%2fMakroevrimeq.gif\" alt=\"\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva; font-size: small;\"><em>*Bu g&ouml;rsel&nbsp;<span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/evrimianlamak.org\/e\/Ana_Sayfa\" target=\"_blank\">EvrimiAnlamak<\/a><\/span> sitesinden al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r ve &ldquo;evrimi ger&ccedil;ekten anlamak&rdquo; i&ccedil;in sonras\u0131nda bu siteye girip okumaya devam etmenizi tavsiye ederim.<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva; font-size: small;\">&nbsp;&nbsp; Evrim kar\u015f\u0131tlar\u0131na g&ouml;re &#8216;evrime \u015fahit olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z&#8217; i&ccedil;in &#8216;evrim diye bir \u015fey yoktur&#8217;. Bunu s&ouml;ylerken bilimsel anlamda ge&ccedil;ersiz bir arg&uuml;man sunmu\u015f olurlar (bizzat zamanda geriye gidip anl\u0131k olaylara \u015fahit olmadan da bilimin \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131nda var oldu\u011funu bildi\u011fimiz say\u0131s\u0131z bilimsel ger&ccedil;ek var; en basiti nesli t&uuml;kenmi\u015f olan hayvanlar, elimizdeki onca fosil, d&uuml;nyan\u0131n olu\u015fumuna dair jeolojik ve arkeolojik kal\u0131nt\u0131lar, molek&uuml;ler-genetik-embriyolojik kan\u0131tlar vb). Kald\u0131 ki yeni t&uuml;rlerin olu\u015ftu\u011funu g&ouml;zlemleyemedi\u011fimizi s&ouml;ylemek i&ccedil;in baz\u0131 canl\u0131lar\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan (&ouml;rne\u011fin&nbsp;<span style=\"text-decoration: underline; color: #0000ff;\"><a style=\"color: #0000ff;\" href=\"\/post\/2011\/03\/07\/Faydal%C4%B1-mutasyonlar\" target=\"_blank\">naylon yiyen bakteriler<\/a><span style=\"color: #993300;\">)<\/span><\/span>&nbsp;bihaber olmak gerekiyor.<\/span>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva; font-size: small;\">&nbsp; &nbsp;\u0130nsanlar, biyoloji alan\u0131ndaki &ccedil;\u0131\u011f\u0131r a&ccedil;\u0131c\u0131 ke\u015fiflerle ortaya &ccedil;\u0131kan&nbsp;<strong style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva; font-size: small;\">Mikrop Teorisi<\/strong>&rsquo;nden itibaren ba\u015flayan ayd\u0131nlanma s&uuml;recine kadar, hastal\u0131klar\u0131 Tanr\u0131&rsquo;n\u0131n bir cezaland\u0131rma y&ouml;ntemi olarak g&ouml;r&uuml;yordu. Bu anlamda, 1928 y\u0131l\u0131nda Penisilin&rsquo;i bulan Alexander Fleming&rsquo;i ve Darwin&rsquo;in &ldquo;T&uuml;rlerin K&ouml;keni&rdquo;ni yay\u0131nlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 y\u0131llarda mikroorganizmalar ile hastal\u0131klar aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fkiyi ilk kez yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 deneylerle ortaya koyan Louis Pasteur&rsquo;&uuml; de bir kez daha anm\u0131\u015f oluyoruz.<\/span><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva; font-size: small;\">&nbsp;Son olarak a\u015fa\u011f\u0131da, belli antibiyotiklere tamam\u0131yla diren&ccedil; geli\u015ftirdi\u011fi halde toplam &uuml;reme uyumlulu\u011funu kaybetmemi\u015f olan bakterilere sadece birka&ccedil; &ouml;rnek vermek istiyorum. Videoda seslendirilmeden g&ouml;sterilen bu &ouml;rnekleri, altyaz\u0131ya ekleyemedi\u011fimden dolay\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131rmak isteyenler i&ccedil;in yaz\u0131yorum:<\/span>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva; font-size: small;\">&#8211; Vankomisin&#8217;e diren&ccedil;li Staphylococcus aureus<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva; font-size: small;\">&#8211; &Ccedil;ok ilaca diren&ccedil;li t&uuml;berk&uuml;loz<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva; font-size: small;\">&#8211; Penisilin&#8217;e diren&ccedil;li pn&ouml;moni &#8211; zat&uuml;rre (<em>pneumococcus<\/em>)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva; font-size: small;\">&#8211; Penisilin&#8217;e diren&ccedil;li Enterococcus<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva; font-size: small;\">&#8211; Linezolid&#8217;e diren&ccedil;li Enterococcus<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva; font-size: small;\">&#8211; Klindamisin&#8217;e diren&ccedil;li C. difficile<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva; font-size: small;\">&#8211; S&uuml;lfonamid&#8217;e diren&ccedil;li bakteriler<\/span><\/p>\n<h3>T&Uuml;M B&Ouml;L&Uuml;MLER:<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva; font-size: small;\">1. B&ouml;l&uuml;m &nbsp;&nbsp;<strong><a href=\"\/post\/2011\/08\/16\/DiscoveringReligion_01_Hazir_Dunya\">Haz\u0131r D&uuml;nya<\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva; font-size: small;\">5. B&ouml;l&uuml;m &nbsp;&nbsp;<strong><a href=\"\/post\/2011\/08\/24\/Dini_Kesfetmek_5_Bolum-Bilimin_Semantigi\">Bilimin Semanti\u011fi<\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva; font-size: small;\">6. B&ouml;l&uuml;m &nbsp;&nbsp;<strong><a href=\"\/post\/2011\/08\/28\/Dini_Kesfetmek_6_Bolum_Evrim_Teorisi\">Evrim Teorisi<\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva; font-size: small;\">7. B&ouml;l&uuml;m &nbsp;&nbsp;<a href=\"\/post\/2012\/05\/03\/dini-kesfetmek-7-bolum-gecis-turleri\"><strong>Ge&ccedil;i\u015f T&uuml;rleri<\/strong><\/a><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva; font-size: small;\">8. B&ouml;l&uuml;m&nbsp;<strong>&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href=\"\/post\/2012\/05\/03\/dini-kesfetmek-8-bolum-archaeopteryx\">Archaeopteryx<\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva; font-size: small;\">9. B&ouml;l&uuml;m &nbsp;&nbsp;<strong><a href=\"\/post\/2011\/09\/20\/Dini_Kesfetmek_9_Bolum_Korelmis_Organlar\">K&ouml;relmi\u015f Organlar<\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva; font-size: small;\">10. B&ouml;l&uuml;m &nbsp;<strong><a href=\"\/post\/2011\/10\/06\/Dini_Kesfetmek_10_Bolum_Neandertal\">Neandertal<\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva; font-size: small;\">11. B&ouml;l&uuml;m &nbsp;<strong><a href=\"\/post\/2011\/10\/15\/Dini_Kesfetmek_11_Bolum_Insan%C4%B1n_Kokeni\">\u0130nsan\u0131n K&ouml;keni<\/a>&nbsp;<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva; font-size: small;\">12. B&ouml;l&uuml;m &nbsp;<strong><a href=\"\/post\/2011\/11\/20\/Dini_Kesfetmek_12_bolum_insanin_ortaya_cikisi\">\u0130nsan\u0131n Ortaya &Ccedil;\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131<\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva; font-size: small;\">13. B&ouml;l&uuml;m &nbsp;<strong><a href=\"\/post\/2011\/11\/30\/Dini_Kesfetmek_13_Bolum_Evrimin_Ongoru_Gucu\">Evrim&#8217;in &Ouml;ng&ouml;r&uuml; G&uuml;c&uuml;<\/a>&nbsp;<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva; font-size: small;\">14. B&ouml;l&uuml;m &nbsp;<strong><a href=\"\/post\/2011\/12\/04\/Dini_Kesfetmek_14_Bolum_Mikroevrim_ve_Makroevrim\">Mikroevrim ve Makroevrim<\/a>&nbsp;<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva; font-size: small;\">15. B&ouml;l&uuml;m &nbsp;<a href=\"\/post\/2012\/01\/08\/Dini_Kesfetmek_15_Bolum_Gecmiste_Bilimin_Baskilanisi\"><strong>Ge&ccedil;mi\u015fte Bilimin Bask\u0131lan\u0131\u015f\u0131<\/strong><\/a>&nbsp;<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva; font-size: small;\">21. B&ouml;l&uuml;m &nbsp;<strong><a href=\"\/post\/2012\/04\/29\/Dini_Kesfetmek_21_Bolum_Hesap_verme_ozgur_iradenin_yokolusu\">Hesap verme sorumlulu\u011fu ve &ouml;zg&uuml;r iradenin yok olu\u015fu<\/a>&nbsp;<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva; font-size: small;\">22. B&ouml;l&uuml;m &nbsp;Mutlak Ahlak ve Ahlakl\u0131 Olma Motivasyonu<strong>&nbsp;<\/strong><strong><a href=\"\/post\/2012\/09\/22\/Dini_Kesfetmek_22_Bolum_Mutlak_Ahlak_12.aspx\">1. b&ouml;l&uuml;m<\/a><\/strong>&nbsp;\/<strong>&nbsp;<a href=\"\/post\/2013\/02\/06\/Dini_Kesfetmek_22_Bolum_Mutlak_Ahlak_22.aspx\">2. b&ouml;l&uuml;m<\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva; font-size: small;\"><strong>&nbsp; &nbsp;* Not:&nbsp;<\/strong>Baz\u0131 b&ouml;l&uuml;mlerin eksik oldu\u011funu g&ouml;receksiniz. Onlar\u0131n &ccedil;evirisini yapmad\u0131m &ccedil;&uuml;nk&uuml; bunlar bizleri &ccedil;ok ilgilendirmeyen, daha &ccedil;ok ABD ve Hristiyanl\u0131k &ccedil;er&ccedil;evesinde yap\u0131lan ele\u015ftirileri i&ccedil;eriyor.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>&nbsp; M\u0130KROEVR\u0130M: K&uuml;&ccedil;&uuml;k &ccedil;apl\u0131, yani&nbsp;tek bir pop&uuml;lasyon i&ccedil;inde (bir t&uuml;r&uuml;n kendi i&ccedil;inde)&nbsp;ve genellikle genlerde\/proteinlerde ger&ccedil;ekle\u015fen evrimsel de\u011fi\u015fimlerdir.&nbsp;Bu tip evrimsel de\u011fi\u015fimler &ccedil;o\u011fu zaman fiziksel &ouml;zelliklere bak\u0131larak&nbsp;g&ouml;zlemlemlenemez, ama istisnalar elbette vard\u0131r. Bug&uuml;ne dek do\u011fada say\u0131s\u0131z do\u011fal se&ccedil;ilim olay\u0131 g&ouml;zlemlenmi\u015ftir. G&ouml;zlemleyebildi\u011fimiz mikroevrimin en g&uuml;zel &ouml;rneklerinden birisi, bakterilerin geli\u015ftirdi\u011fi antibiyotik direncidir. Buna ili\u015fkin ba\u015fka pek &ccedil;ok &ouml;rnek verilebilecek olsa [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[9,4],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-176","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-belgesel-video-cevirilerim","category-din"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/baharkilic.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/176","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/baharkilic.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/baharkilic.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/baharkilic.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/baharkilic.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=176"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/baharkilic.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/176\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":419,"href":"https:\/\/baharkilic.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/176\/revisions\/419"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/baharkilic.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=176"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/baharkilic.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=176"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/baharkilic.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=176"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}