{"id":72,"date":"2026-08-21T12:00:47","date_gmt":"2026-08-21T12:00:47","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/baharkilic.org\/?p=72"},"modified":"2026-08-21T13:42:43","modified_gmt":"2026-08-21T13:42:43","slug":"insanin-evrimi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/baharkilic.org\/?p=72","title":{"rendered":"\u0130nsan\u0131n evrimi"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva; font-size: small;\">&nbsp; &nbsp;<\/span><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva; font-size: small;\">Bilimin insanlara ait fosil kay\u0131tlar\u0131n\u0131 inceleyen dal\u0131na <strong>paleoantropoloji<\/strong> denir. Paleoantropoloji,&nbsp;paleontoloji (eski canl\u0131 t&uuml;rlerinin inceleyen bilim dal\u0131) ile antropolojinin (insanlar\u0131 inceleyen bilim dal\u0131) kesi\u015fim noktas\u0131d\u0131r.&nbsp;Canl\u0131lar\u0131n genom haritalar\u0131n\u0131n &ccedil;\u0131kar\u0131lmaya ba\u015flanmas\u0131yla, paleoantropolojiye en b&uuml;y&uuml;k destek de ku\u015fkusuz <strong>genetik<\/strong> biliminden gelir. Canl\u0131lar\u0131n isimlendirilerek s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 ile ilgilenenen bilim dal\u0131 <strong>taksonomi<\/strong>dir ve yeni elde edilen verilerle zaman zaman de\u011fi\u015febilir. G&uuml;ncel taksonomiye g&ouml;re insan\u0131n evrimini incelerken kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z baz\u0131 terimleri a\u015fa\u011f\u0131da bulacaks\u0131n\u0131z.&nbsp;Bu yaz\u0131n\u0131n sonunda art\u0131k, \u015fu bilimle alakas\u0131 olmayan &#8220;<em>\u0130nsan maymundan m\u0131 geldi?<\/em>&#8221; c&uuml;mlesinden kurtulunmas\u0131n\u0131 umuyorum, &ccedil;&uuml;nk&uuml; konunun kavranmas\u0131&nbsp;ve evrim s&uuml;recinin biraz da olsa anla\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131 halinde bu sorunun anlams\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ortaya &ccedil;\u0131kacakt\u0131r.<\/span><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva; font-size: small;\">&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: small;\">&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva; font-size: small;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/image.axd?picture=2011%2f5%2fHominidae2jpeg.JPG\" alt=\"\" width=\"560\" height=\"210\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva; font-size: small;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">Hominoidea:<\/span><\/strong> <span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>kuyruksuz maymunlar<\/strong> veya <strong>insans\u0131 maymunlar<\/strong>&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">(&uuml;st familya)<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva; font-size: small;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">Hominidae<\/span><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">:<\/span> hominidler<\/strong>&nbsp;veya <strong>b&uuml;y&uuml;k insans\u0131 maymunlar<\/strong>&nbsp;(orangutan, goril, \u015fempanze ve insan cinsleri)&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">(familya)<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva; font-size: small;\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><strong>Homininae:<\/strong><\/span> <strong>hominineler<\/strong> (goril, \u015fempanze ve insan cinsleri)&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">(alt familya)<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva; font-size: small;\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><strong>Hominini:<\/strong><\/span> <strong>homininler<\/strong> (\u015fempanze ve insan cinsleri)&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">(oymak)<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva; font-size: small;\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><strong>Hominina: <\/strong><\/span><strong>hominanlar<\/strong> (insans\u0131lar; yani Australopithecus, Paranthropus, Sahelanthropus, Orrorin, Ardipithecus, Kenyanthropus ve Homo)<span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"> (alt oymak)<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva; font-size: small;\"><strong><span style=\"background-color: #ffffff;\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">Homo:<\/span> i<\/span>nsanlar<\/strong> (Denisova insan\u0131, H. antecessor, H. cepranensis, H. erectus, H. ergaster, H. floresiensis, H. gautengensis, H. habilis, H. heidelbergensis=Arkaik Homo sapiens, H. neanderthalensis, H. rhodesiensis, H. rudolfensis, H. sapiens idaltu, H. sapiens sapiens=modern insan)&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">(cins)<\/span><\/span>&nbsp;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva; font-size: small;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/image.axd?picture=2014%2f2%2fhominidae.JPG\" alt=\"\" width=\"477\" height=\"328\" \/><\/span>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva; font-size: small;\">&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; DNA&#8217;m\u0131z\u0131n&nbsp;ya\u015fayan en yak\u0131n akrabalar\u0131m\u0131z olan \u015fempanzelerle&nbsp;benzerlik oran\u0131,&nbsp;%85-98,8 olarak verilmektedir.&nbsp;Genetik uzmanlar\u0131 ve fosil kan\u0131tlar\u0131na g&ouml;re, \u015fempanzelerle en yak\u0131n ortak atam\u0131z olan&nbsp;<strong>Hominini<\/strong>, <span style=\"color: #333333;\">7-10 milyon y\u0131l<\/span> &ouml;nce&nbsp;ya\u015fam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.&nbsp;Bundan yakla\u015f\u0131k 5,4-6,3 milyon y\u0131l &ouml;nce Afrika&#8217;da, \u015fempanze cinsi (<strong>Pan<\/strong>) ile bizim cinsimiz&nbsp;birbirinden ayr\u0131ld\u0131. Peki bu ayr\u0131lmadan sonra bize ne oldu? Hominan soyu, do\u011frudan Homo sapiens&#8217;e d&ouml;n&uuml;\u015fmedi. Bunun yerine, (bizimki olan <em>H. sapiens sapiens<\/em> hari&ccedil; hepsinin&nbsp;soyu t&uuml;kenmi\u015f olan) bir&ccedil;ok hominan\u0131n olu\u015fmas\u0131na kaynakl\u0131k etti. Bu &#8220;ara formlar\u0131&#8221; k\u0131saca i\u015fleyece\u011fiz. Bir zamanlar hominan olarak kabul edilen baz\u0131 t&uuml;rler de, son fosil bulgular\u0131yla art\u0131k farkl\u0131 bir s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131rmada ele al\u0131nmaktad\u0131r. (&Ouml;rne\u011fin; <em>Ramapithecus<\/em>&rsquo;un asl\u0131nda orangutanlarla yak\u0131n akraba oldu\u011fu anla\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve dolay\u0131s\u0131yla hominan s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131rmas\u0131ndan &ccedil;\u0131kar\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r; Lewin 1987.) Ama bu yaz\u0131da \u015fu anda kabul g&ouml;ren hominanlar anlat\u0131lacak. Ayr\u0131ca, fosillerin d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda pek &ccedil;ok ma\u011fara, alet, ayak izi ve buna benzer kay\u0131tlar olsa da bu yaz\u0131da onlardan &ccedil;ok fazla bahsedilmeyecektir.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: small;\">&nbsp; &nbsp;Biyolojide her canl\u0131 t&uuml;r&uuml;, b&uuml;y&uuml;k harfle yaz\u0131lan bir <strong>cins<\/strong> ismi (&Ouml;rnek;&nbsp;<em>Australopithecus<\/em>,&nbsp;<em>Homo<\/em>) ve sonras\u0131nda gelen bir <strong>belirleyici <\/strong>isimle tan\u0131mlan\u0131r (&Ouml;rnek; <em>africanus<\/em>,&nbsp;<em>erectus) <\/em>ve ortaya bir <strong>t&uuml;r<\/strong> ismi &ccedil;\u0131kar (&Ouml;rnek;<em> Homo erectus).&nbsp;<\/em>Baz\u0131 yerlerde cins isminin sadece ba\u015f harfi yaz\u0131lacakt\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3>Hominan t&uuml;rleri<\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: small;\">&nbsp; &nbsp;Hominan t&uuml;rleri, fosil kay\u0131tlar\u0131 ve DNA analizlerinden &ccedil;\u0131kan tarihsel &ouml;zelliklerine&nbsp;ek olarak, iki ayak &uuml;zerinde y&uuml;r&uuml;me&nbsp;(bipedalizm), artan beyin hacmi, k&uuml;&ccedil;&uuml;len di\u015f yap\u0131s\u0131, iskelet yap\u0131s\u0131, alet kullan\u0131m\u0131, k\u0131ls\u0131zla\u015fma, avlanma, ate\u015fin kullan\u0131m\u0131 ve ilerleyen s&uuml;re&ccedil;te dillerin geli\u015fimi, sanat, k&uuml;lt&uuml;r ve medeniyete olan yakla\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131 gibi bir&ccedil;ok kriterde de\u011ferlendirilebilir. Ancak bu yaz\u0131da biraz daha &ouml;zet, en temel ve en &ouml;nemli farkl\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131 vurgulanarak anlat\u0131lacakt\u0131r.&nbsp;Beyin b&uuml;y&uuml;kl&uuml;\u011f&uuml; ve kafatas\u0131 hacmindeki art\u0131\u015f\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra iki ayak &uuml;st&uuml;nde y&uuml;r&uuml;meye ba\u015flamam\u0131z, belki de maymunlarla aram\u0131zdaki en b&uuml;y&uuml;k farkt\u0131r; &ccedil;&uuml;nk&uuml; bu sayede eller serbest kalm\u0131\u015f&nbsp;ve alet kullan\u0131m\u0131na m&uuml;sait hale gelmi\u015ftir. <em>Australopithecus<\/em>&rsquo;un iki ayak &uuml;zerinde y&uuml;r&uuml;d&uuml;\u011f&uuml;, kemik\/iskelet \u015fekline ve de fosille\u015fmi\u015f ayak izlerine bak\u0131larak anla\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.&nbsp;<em>Australopithecuslar\u0131n<\/em>, bizim&nbsp;de dahil oldu\u011fumuz <strong>Homo<\/strong> cinsinin atas\u0131 oldu\u011fu d&uuml;\u015f&uuml;n&uuml;lmektedir. Ancak <em>Australopithecuslar<\/em>, vejeteryan olan <em>Paranthropus<\/em> isimli bir di\u011fer hominan dal\u0131n\u0131n atas\u0131 da olabilir.&nbsp;<\/span>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva; font-size: small;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/image.axd?picture=2012%2f8%2f432173_378750752150358_1682022435_n.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"685\" height=\"482\" \/><\/span>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva; font-size: small;\">&nbsp; &nbsp;1859&rsquo;da&nbsp; Darwin&rsquo;in &ldquo;T&uuml;rlerin K&ouml;keni&rdquo; kitab\u0131n\u0131n yay\u0131nlanmas\u0131yla fark edilmeye ba\u015flanan, insanlar\u0131n Afrikal\u0131 maymunlarla akraba oldu\u011fu fikri, 1924 y\u0131l\u0131nda Afrika&#8217;da bulunan ilk fosillerle sa\u011flam bir zemine oturmaya ba\u015flad\u0131. Bu fosil Raymond Dart taraf\u0131ndan bulunan 3-4 milyon y\u0131ll\u0131k bir <em>Australopithecus<\/em> fosiliydi (=Taung Child). Bundan daha &ouml;nce bulunan fosiller de bu tarihlerden sonra daha belirgin s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131rmalara sokulabildi. Ama halen, ke\u015ffedilmemi\u015f fosiller ve az da olsa aradaki bo\u015fluklar\u0131 doldurmas\u0131 gereken hominan t&uuml;rleri vard\u0131r. Dahas\u0131, mevcut bilinen t&uuml;rler bile o kadar &ccedil;e\u015fitlidir ki kimi zaman uzmanlar bile bunlar\u0131&nbsp;hangi alt t&uuml;re dahil edecekleri konusunda fikir ayr\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131na d&uuml;\u015fmektedir. Yine de kaba hatlar\u0131yla insan\u0131n \u015fempanzeyle ortak olan Hominini atas\u0131ndan sonraki evrim hatt\u0131 fazlas\u0131yla belirgindir.&nbsp;Ge&ccedil;ti\u011fimiz y&uuml;zy\u0131lda bir&ccedil;ok yeni fosilin bulunmas\u0131yla, insan\u0131n evrimsel ge&ccedil;mi\u015fi daha da ayd\u0131nland\u0131 ve insan\u0131n yak\u0131n akrabas\u0131 olan 12-19 farkl\u0131 t&uuml;r tan\u0131mland\u0131.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva; font-size: small;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/image.axd?picture=2011%2f5%2fshema.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"635\" height=\"446\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva; font-size: small;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/image.axd?picture=2011%2f5%2fhominid_graph.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"673\" height=\"416\" \/><\/span><span style=\"font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: small;\">&nbsp; <\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"infuse\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: small;\">&nbsp;&nbsp; Buradan itibaren anlat\u0131lacak olan hominanlar, fosillerin bulunma tarihine g&ouml;re de\u011fil&nbsp;evrimsel tarihlerine (yani ya\u015fad\u0131klar\u0131 d&ouml;neme) g&ouml;re, en eskiden en yeniye do\u011fru s\u0131ralanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/span>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3><em>Sahelanthropus tchadensis<\/em><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva; font-size: small;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/image.axd?picture=2011%2f5%2fToumai.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"331\" height=\"278\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva; font-size: small;\"><strong>\u015eekil:<\/strong> Toumai<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: small;\"><strong>&nbsp; &nbsp; Toumai <\/strong>ismi verilen kafatas\u0131 fosili, 2001 y\u0131l\u0131nda Orta Afrika&rsquo;n\u0131n &Ccedil;ad b&ouml;lgesinde bulundu ve tan\u0131mland\u0131 (Brunet vd 2002, Wood 2002).<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: small;\">&nbsp;&nbsp; Beyin hacmi 350&nbsp;cm<sup>3<\/sup><\/span>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: small;\">&nbsp;&nbsp; \u015eempanze ve insanlar\u0131n ortak atas\u0131na en yak\u0131n ve bilinen en eski hominan olarak an\u0131lsa da, insanla maymunlar\u0131n ortak atas\u0131ndan daha eski bir zamana (6-7 milyon y\u0131l &ouml;ncesine) i\u015faret ediyor olmas\u0131 nedeniyle baz\u0131 uzmanlarca hominan&nbsp;de\u011fil,&nbsp;<strong>hominid<\/strong> olarak de\u011ferlendirilmektedir.&nbsp;(*hominid: Hominidae familyas\u0131n\u0131n tamam\u0131; yani \u015fempanzeler, goriller, insanlar ve orangutanlar.)<\/span>&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3><em>Orrorin tugenensis<\/em><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva; font-size: small;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/image.axd?picture=2011%2f5%2forrorin-homo-australopithecine-femora.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"241\" height=\"318\" \/><\/span>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: small;\"><em><strong>&nbsp;&nbsp; BAR 1000&#8217;00<\/strong> (<strong>Orrorin<\/strong>), <\/em>2000 y\u0131l\u0131nda Kenya&rsquo;da bulunmu\u015ftur&nbsp;<em>(Martin Pickford<\/em>, Kiptalam Cheboi, Dominique Gommery, Pierre Mein, Brigitte Senut.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: small;\">&nbsp;&nbsp; *Kol ve kal&ccedil;a kemi\u011fi k\u0131s\u0131mlar\u0131, alt &ccedil;ene ve di\u015fleri de i&ccedil;erir. Bipedal oldu\u011fu d&uuml;\u015f&uuml;n&uuml;lmektedir, ama kesin de\u011fildir.&nbsp;Boynunun ve kafas\u0131n\u0131n baz\u0131 b&ouml;lgelerinin \u015fekli bipedal olabilece\u011fine i\u015faret etse de kafatas\u0131n\u0131n geri kalan arka k\u0131sm\u0131 a\u011faca t\u0131rmand\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g&ouml;sterir.&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: small;\">&nbsp;&nbsp; *6-5,8 milyon y\u0131l &ouml;ncesine aittir.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva; font-size: small;\">&nbsp;&nbsp; *K&ouml;pek di\u015fleri, Miyosen maymunlar\u0131 ve di\u015fi \u015fempanzelerinki gibi sivri ve k&uuml;&ccedil;&uuml;kt&uuml;r. \u0130nsanlar gibi k&uuml;&ccedil;&uuml;k di\u015flere sahiptir.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><em>Ardipithecus ramidus<\/em>&nbsp;<\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: small; font-family: verdana,geneva;\">&nbsp; *5,8-4,4 milyon y\u0131l &ouml;ncesinde ya\u015fam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva; font-size: small;\">&nbsp; *4,4 milyon y\u0131ll\u0131k bir <em>A. ramidus<\/em> fosili 1994&rsquo;te bulunmu<span style=\"color: #000000;\">\u015ft<\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\">ur (<\/span><span class=\"mw-redirect\" style=\"text-decoration: none; color: #000000; background-image: none;\">Yohannes Haile Selassie.<\/span>)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: small; font-family: verdana,geneva;\">&nbsp; *Daha sonra yine 1994 y\u0131l\u0131nda daha eksiksiz bir kafatas\u0131 ve k\u0131smi iskeletin bulunmas\u0131yla bu t&uuml;r,&nbsp;<em>Ardipithecus<\/em> tak\u0131m\u0131na dahil edilmi\u015ftir. &Ccedil;ok k\u0131r\u0131lgan olan bu fosilin zarar verilmeden &ccedil;\u0131kar\u0131l\u0131p incelenmesi 15 y\u0131l s&uuml;rm&uuml;\u015f, 2009 y\u0131l\u0131nda <strong>Ardi <\/strong>ismi verilerek bilim camias\u0131na&nbsp;tan\u0131t\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/span>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva; font-size: small;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/image.axd?picture=2011%2f5%2framidus+ardi.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"392\" height=\"392\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva; font-size: small;\"><strong>\u015eekil:<\/strong> Ardi<\/span>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: small; font-family: verdana,geneva;\">&nbsp; *120 cm boyunda, 50 kg a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda olup beyin ve kafatas\u0131 bir \u015fempanzeninki kadar k&uuml;&ccedil;&uuml;kt&uuml;r.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva; font-size: small;\">&nbsp; *Yerdeyken iki ayak &uuml;zerinde y&uuml;r&uuml;rd&uuml; ama ayakta y&uuml;r&uuml;meye di\u011fer <em>Australopithecuslar<\/em> kadar iyi adapte olmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. A\u011fa&ccedil;ta yine d&ouml;rt ayak kullan\u0131rd\u0131.<em> A. ramidus<\/em>&rsquo;un bu iki ayak &uuml;zerinde y&uuml;r&uuml;me yetene\u011fi, insan evriminde bir d&ouml;n&uuml;m noktas\u0131 olan tek e\u015flili\u011fe ge&ccedil;i\u015fte &ouml;nemli bir a\u015fama olabilir.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: small;\">&nbsp; *1997-2001 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda bulunan yeni fosiller, 5,2-5,8 milyon y\u0131l &ouml;ncesine i\u015faret ediyordu. Bunlar yeni bir alt t&uuml;r olan <em>Ardipithecus ramidus kadabba<\/em>&nbsp;(Haile-Selassie 2001) ve sonradan da yeni tan\u0131mlanan bir t&uuml;r olan <em>Ardipithecus kadabba<\/em>&nbsp;(Haile-Selassie et al. 2004) olarak s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><em>Australopithecus anamensis&nbsp;<\/em><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: small;\"><em>&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/em>*5,5-3,9 milyon y\u0131l &ouml;ncesinde ya\u015fam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: small;\">&nbsp;&nbsp; *Bu t&uuml;re ait ilk fosil 1967 y\u0131l\u0131nda Kenya&rsquo;da bulunmu\u015f (Arnold Lewis), 1995&#8217;te tan\u0131mlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (Leakey vd 1995.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: small;\">&nbsp;&nbsp; *T&uuml;re ait di\u011fer 1994&rsquo;te Kenyada bulunan 9 fosil ve yine Kenya&#8217;da bulunan ve &ccedil;o\u011fu di\u015fli olan 12 fosil vard\u0131r (Leakey vd 1995.)&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: small;\">&nbsp;&nbsp; *K\u0131smi tibia kemi\u011fi, bipedall\u0131\u011fa g&uuml;&ccedil;l&uuml; bir kan\u0131t te\u015fkil eder. Alt humerus (&uuml;st kol kemi<span style=\"color: #000000;\">\u011fi) insan\u0131nkine &ccedil;ok benzer.<\/span><\/span>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: small;\">&nbsp;&nbsp; *Bu d&ouml;nemde, Leakey taraf\u0131ndan Tanzanya&rsquo;n\u0131n Laetoli b&ouml;lgesinde bulunan ve 3,7 milyon y\u0131l &ouml;ncesine ait olan ayak izleri, bu tarihte ya\u015fayan hominanlar\u0131n bipedal oldu\u011funun g&ouml;stergesidir.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva; font-size: small;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/image.axd?picture=2011%2f5%2fLaetoli+footprint.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"438\" height=\"579\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva; font-size: small;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/image.axd?picture=2011%2f5%2fLaetoli+footprint2.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"333\" height=\"448\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: small;\"><strong>\u015eekil:<\/strong> Laetoli ayak izleri <\/span><\/p>\n<h3><em>Australopithecus afarensis<\/em><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva; font-size: small;\">&nbsp; &nbsp;*Bu t&uuml;r, 3.9 -3.0 milyon y\u0131l &ouml;ncesinde ya\u015fam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/span>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva; font-size: small;\">&nbsp; &nbsp;*En &ouml;nemli<em>&nbsp;Australopithecus afarensis<\/em>&nbsp; &ouml;rneklerinden biri olan&nbsp;<strong>Lucy (<strong>AL 288-1<\/strong>)<\/strong>, &ccedil;ok iyi korunmu\u015f bir fosildir. 1974 y\u0131l\u0131nda Etyopya&#8217;da bulunmu\u015ftur. 3,2 milyon y\u0131l &ouml;ncesine aittir<em>. (Lucy ismi, Beatles&rsquo;\u0131n &ldquo;Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds&rdquo; \u015fark\u0131s\u0131ndan esinlenilerek konmu\u015ftur.)<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva; font-size: small;\">&nbsp;&nbsp; *1,10 metre boyunda olan&nbsp;<strong>Lucy<\/strong>, iki ayak &uuml;zerinde ama hafif&ccedil;e dizlerini b&uuml;kerek, bizim kadar zarif olmayan bir \u015fekilde y&uuml;r&uuml;m&uuml;\u015ft&uuml;r.Bilim adamlar\u0131 bilgisayarlar yard\u0131m\u0131yla y&uuml;r&uuml;me \u015feklini modellemi\u015flerdir. Tipik olarak uzun kollara ve k\u0131vr\u0131k parmaklara sahip olmas\u0131,&nbsp;<strong>Lucy<\/strong>&rsquo;nin dahil oldu\u011fu t&uuml;r olan australopithecuslar\u0131n yine de iyi t\u0131rman\u0131c\u0131lar oldu\u011funu g&ouml;steriyor.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva; font-size: small;\">&nbsp;&nbsp; *Beyin hacmi 375-440&nbsp;cm<sup>3<\/sup>&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva; font-size: small;\">&nbsp; &nbsp;*Kafatas\u0131 \u015fempanzeye benzer ama di\u015fleri insans\u0131d\u0131r. &Ouml;zellikle kanin(k&ouml;pek) di\u015fleri insan\u0131nkinden daha b&uuml;y&uuml;k ve sivri, maymunlardan daha k&uuml;&ccedil;&uuml;kt&uuml;r.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva; font-size: small;\">&nbsp; &nbsp;*Pelvis ve bacak kemikleri modern insana &ccedil;ok daha fazla benzer. Bipedal olduklar\u0131na \u015f&uuml;phe yoktur, ama v&uuml;cut yap\u0131lar\u0131 ko\u015fmaktan &ccedil;ok y&uuml;r&uuml;meye uygundur (Leakey 1994.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva; font-size: small;\">&nbsp;&nbsp; *Boylar\u0131 107-152 cm aras\u0131nda de\u011fi\u015fir.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva; font-size: small;\">&nbsp;&nbsp; *El ve ayak parmaklar\u0131 k\u0131vr\u0131k olup insanlar\u0131nkinden daha uzundur ancak ellerin di\u011fer &ouml;zellikleri insana benzer (Johanson and Edey 1981.) Bu el ve ayak parmaklar\u0131yla ilgili &ouml;zellikler, baz\u0131 bilim adamlar\u0131nca<em>&nbsp;A. afarensis<\/em>&rsquo;in hala a\u011fa&ccedil; t\u0131rmanmaya uyumlu oldu\u011fu \u015feklinde alg\u0131lan\u0131rken, baz\u0131lar\u0131nca da evrim art\u0131klar\u0131 olarak de\u011ferlendirilir.<\/span>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva; font-size: small;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/image.axd?picture=2011%2f5%2flucy.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"311\" height=\"545\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva; font-size: small;\"><strong>\u015eekil:<\/strong> Lucy<\/span>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva; font-size: small;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/image.axd?picture=2011%2f5%2fLucykafas%c4%b1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"314\" height=\"314\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>\u015eekil:<\/strong>&nbsp;Lucy&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva; font-size: small;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/image.axd?picture=2011%2f5%2fSelam+(Australopithecus+afarensis)+or+DIK+1-1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"175\" height=\"248\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva; font-size: small;\"><strong>\u015eekil:<\/strong>&nbsp;Selam veya DIK 1-1 (bir di\u011fer <em>A. afarensis<\/em> &ouml;rne\u011fi)<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><em>Kenyanthropus platyops&nbsp;<\/em><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: small;\">&nbsp; *Bu t&uuml;re ait bulunan ilk &ouml;rnek, 1999&rsquo;da Kenya&rsquo;da bulunan k\u0131smi kafatas\u0131d\u0131r (Justus Erus).<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: small;\">&nbsp; *3,5-3,2 &nbsp;milyon y\u0131l &ouml;ncesinde ya\u015fam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva; font-size: small;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/image.axd?picture=2011%2f5%2fkenyaentropus.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"293\" height=\"293\" \/><\/span>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: small;\">&nbsp;&nbsp; *Kafatas\u0131<em> A. afarensis <\/em>ve <em>A. africanus<\/em> &ouml;zelliklerine sahip olup, geni\u015f yass\u0131 surat ve k&uuml;&ccedil;&uuml;k di\u015flere sahiptir. Leakey taraf\u0131ndan tamamen yeni bir t&uuml;r (<em>Kenyanthropus platypos<\/em>) olarak s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131rken, baz\u0131 uzmanlar taraf\u0131ndan Australopithecus&rsquo;un bir alt t&uuml;r&uuml; \u015feklinde<em> Australopithecus platyops <\/em>olarak da ele al\u0131n\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><em>Australopithecus africanus&nbsp;<\/em><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva; font-size: small;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/image.axd?picture=2011%2f5%2fAustralopithecus_africanus.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"323\" height=\"294\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: small;\">&nbsp; &nbsp;* 3-2 milyon y\u0131l &ouml;ncesinde ya\u015fam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. <em>A. afarensis<\/em> gibi o da bipedaldir, ama v&uuml;cudu biraz daha iricedir.<\/span>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: small; font-family: verdana, geneva;\">&nbsp;&nbsp; * Bu t&uuml;re ait en &ouml;nemli fosillerden biri &nbsp;1924 y\u0131l\u0131nda G&uuml;ney Afrika&rsquo;da bulunan <strong>Taung Child<\/strong>&rsquo;d\u0131r.&nbsp;\u0130ncelendikten sonra ke\u015ffin hemen ertesi y\u0131l\u0131 <em>Nature<\/em> dergisinde Raymond Dart taraf\u0131ndan yeni bir t&uuml;r olarak&nbsp;tan\u0131mlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 2,5 milyon y\u0131l ya\u015f\u0131ndad\u0131r. &Ouml;ld&uuml;\u011f&uuml;nde 3 ya\u015f\u0131nda oldu\u011fu d&uuml;\u015f&uuml;n&uuml;lmektedir. Omurgan\u0131n hemen &uuml;zerinde bulunan kafatas\u0131, bunun bir maymuna de\u011fil, hominan t&uuml;r&uuml;ne ait oldu\u011funa dair ipucu vermi\u015ftir ve kafatas\u0131ndaki k\u0131r\u0131klara bak\u0131larak daha &ouml;nceki fosil &ouml;rneklerinden elde edilen veriler de g&ouml;z &ouml;n&uuml;ne al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, bu &ccedil;ocu\u011fun kartal gibi bir y\u0131rt\u0131c\u0131 ku\u015f taraf\u0131ndan &ouml;ld&uuml;r&uuml;lm&uuml;\u015f olabilece\u011fi d&uuml;\u015f&uuml;n&uuml;lm&uuml;\u015ft&uuml;r.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva; font-size: small;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/image.axd?picture=2011%2f5%2ftaung+child-Australopithecus+africanus.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"339\" height=\"456\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-size: small; font-family: verdana, geneva;\"><strong>\u015eekil:<\/strong> Taung Child<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: small;\">&nbsp; &nbsp;<\/span><span style=\"font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: small;\">*Beyin<span style=\"color: #000000;\"> hacmi<\/span>: 420-550&nbsp;cm<sup>3 <\/sup><\/span><span style=\"font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: small;\">(\u015eempanze beyninden biraz daha b&uuml;y&uuml;k olmakla birlikte, konu\u015fma yetene\u011finin dayand\u0131\u011f\u0131 beyin b&ouml;lgelerinin olu\u015fumu i&ccedil;in yeterince b&uuml;y&uuml;k de\u011fildir.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: small;\">&nbsp;&nbsp; *Arka di\u015fleri <em>A.&nbsp;afarensis<\/em>ten biraz daha b&uuml;y&uuml;kt&uuml;r. &Ccedil;enesi ve di\u015fleri insan\u0131nkinden &ccedil;ok daha b&uuml;y&uuml;k de olsa, maymunlardan &ccedil;ok insana benzemektedir. (Johanson and Edey 1981).<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><em>Australopithecus garhi<\/em><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: small;\">&nbsp; &nbsp;*1999&rsquo;da bulunmu\u015ftur (Asfaw,&nbsp;White&nbsp;vd 1996).<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: small;\">&nbsp; &nbsp;*&Ouml;nceki <em>australopithecus<\/em>lardan kafatas\u0131 \u015fekli, &ouml;zellikle b&uuml;y&uuml;k arka di\u015fleri ve ilkel bir kafatas\u0131 morfolojisiyle ayr\u0131l\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><em>Australopithecus sediba<\/em><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: small;\">&nbsp; &nbsp; *1,78-1,95 milyon y\u0131l &ouml;ncesine ait gen&ccedil; bir erkekle yeti\u015fkin bir di\u015fiye ait iki fosil bulunmu\u015f ve sonras\u0131nda tan\u0131mlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (Berger vd 2010).<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva; font-size: small;\">&nbsp;&nbsp; *2008 y\u0131l\u0131nda G&uuml;ney Afrika&#8217;da bir ma\u011farada ke\u015ffedilen ve &#8220;<strong>Karabo<\/strong>&#8221; (Yan\u0131t) olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lan 2 milyon y\u0131ll\u0131k, 13 ya\u015f\u0131ndaki bir &ccedil;ocu\u011fa ait bu&nbsp;iskelet fosili&nbsp;bilim d&uuml;nyas\u0131n\u0131 \u015fa\u015fk\u0131nl\u0131\u011fa u\u011fratm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Witwatersrand &Uuml;niversitesi&#8217;nde evrimsel biyoloji profes&ouml;r&uuml; Lee Berger, Karabo&#8217;nun elinin daha &ouml;nce bir benzerinin g&ouml;r&uuml;lmedi\u011fini s&ouml;yl&uuml;yor ve ekliyor:&nbsp;<\/span><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva; font-size: small;\">&#8220;Elinizin &uuml;zerine koydu\u011funuzda, bu el kemiklerinin bir \u015fempanzeye ait olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 su g&ouml;t&uuml;rmez. Bu el kesinlikle alet yapabilecek kapasitede. \u0130nsanlarla ortak &ouml;zellikleri daha &ouml;nceki t&uuml;m ke\u015fiflerden fazla yine de &ccedil;ok ilkel ve bu &ccedil;ok heyecan verici.&#8221;<\/span>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva; font-size: small;\">&nbsp; &nbsp;*Karabo&#8217;nun ellerinin insan eline benzerli\u011fi \u015fok etkisi yarat\u0131rken,&nbsp;John Gurche iki milyon y\u0131l boyunca korunmu\u015f iskeletten yola &ccedil;\u0131karak Karabo&#8217;nun neye benzedi\u011fini ortaya &ccedil;\u0131kard\u0131. \u0130skeletten yola &ccedil;\u0131k\u0131larak &ccedil;izilen portre ve iskeletin yan\u0131nda bulunan 30&#8217;lu ya\u015flar\u0131ndaki bir kad\u0131na, muhtemelen Karabo&#8217;nun annesine ait kemik kal\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131, Londra&#8217;daki Do\u011fa Tarihi M&uuml;zesi&#8217;nde sergileniyor.<\/span>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva; font-size: small;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/image.axd?picture=2011%2f11%2farticle-2062514-0DC5D5A900000578-528_306x423.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"244\" height=\"337\" \/><\/span>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva; font-size: small;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/image.axd?picture=2011%2f11%2f111117-KARABO.Jpeg%2chlarge.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"487\" height=\"273\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: small;\">&nbsp; &nbsp;*Gen&ccedil; erkek bireyin beyin hacmi:&nbsp;420&nbsp;cm<sup>3<\/sup><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: small;\">&nbsp; &nbsp;*<em>A. africanus<\/em>&nbsp;ile&nbsp;<em>Homo <\/em>aras\u0131nda bir ge&ccedil;i\u015f formu olarak de\u011ferlendirilmi\u015f, <em>Homo<\/em>&#8216;ya daha &ccedil;ok benzemesi nedeniyle de onun olas\u0131 atas\u0131 olabilece\u011fi d&uuml;\u015f&uuml;n&uuml;lm&uuml;\u015ft&uuml;r.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: small;\">&nbsp;&nbsp; *Bipedaldir ama a\u011faca t\u0131rmanmak i&ccedil;in uzun kollar\u0131 vard\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: small;\">&nbsp;&nbsp; *Kafatas\u0131nda, di\u015flerinde ve pelvis b&ouml;lgesinde insana benzer &ouml;zellikler bulunmu\u015ftur.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: small;\">&nbsp;&nbsp; *Bulunan her iki birey de k\u0131sa boyludur. (130cm)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: small;\"><em>&nbsp; &nbsp;Australopithecus afarensis<\/em>, <em>africanus<\/em>&nbsp;ve buraya kadar anlat\u0131lan t&uuml;rler&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #800080;\"><strong>zay\u0131f australopithecuslar<\/strong><\/span> olarak bilinir; &ccedil;&uuml;nk&uuml; birazdan anlat\u0131lacak olan&nbsp;<span style=\"background-color: #ffffff; color: #800080;\"><strong>g&uuml;&ccedil;l&uuml; <\/strong>(robust)<strong> australopithecuslar<\/strong><\/span>&nbsp;kadar iri de\u011fillerdir, ayr\u0131ca kafataslar\u0131 ve di\u015fleri de daha k&uuml;&ccedil;&uuml;kt&uuml;r.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><em>Paranthropus (Australopithecus) aethiopicus<\/em><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: small;\">&nbsp; * 2.6 &#8211; 2.3 milyon y\u0131l &ouml;nce ya\u015fam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva; font-size: small;\">&nbsp; * En iyi bilinen &ouml;rne\u011fi Alan Walker taraf\u0131ndan 1985&rsquo;te Kenya&rsquo;da bulunan <em><strong><span style=\"color: #000000;\">KNM WT 17000 <\/span><\/strong>(<strong>The Black Skull<\/strong>)<\/em> fosilidir.<\/span>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva; font-size: small;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/image.axd?picture=2011%2f5%2fKNM+WT+17000+the+black+skull.JPG\" alt=\"\" width=\"387\" height=\"290\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva; font-size: small; color: #000000;\"><strong>\u015eekil:<\/strong> KNM WT 17000 (The Black Skull)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: small;\">&nbsp;&nbsp; * Beyni &ccedil;ok k&uuml;&ccedil;&uuml;kt&uuml;r; beyin hacmi 410 cm<sup>3<\/sup>. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: small;\">&nbsp; &nbsp;* Kafatas\u0131 kemikleri ilkeldir. Y&uuml;z geni\u015fli\u011fi, &ccedil;ene ve di\u015f b&uuml;y&uuml;kl&uuml;\u011f&uuml; gibi di\u011fer &ouml;zellikleri <em>A. boisei<\/em>&rsquo;ye benzer. Bilinen t&uuml;m hominanlar aras\u0131nda en b&uuml;y&uuml;k sagital krete sahiptir.&nbsp;&#8211;&gt; Sagital kret, kafatas\u0131n\u0131n tepesinde bulunan kemiksi bir kabart\u0131d\u0131r ve buraya &ccedil;i\u011fneme kaslar\u0131 tutunur.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><em>Paranthropus (Australopithecus) robustus<span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva; color: #993366; font-size: small;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/span><\/em><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: small;\">&nbsp;&nbsp; * Beyin hacmi 530&nbsp;cm<sup>3<\/sup><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: small;\">&nbsp; &nbsp;* 2-1,5 milyon y\u0131l &ouml;nce ya\u015fam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: small;\">&nbsp;&nbsp; * 1948 y\u0131l\u0131nda G&uuml;ney Afrika&rsquo;da bulunan<strong> <em>SK48<\/em><\/strong> ve 1938&rsquo;de yine G&uuml;ney Afrika&rsquo;da bulunan <strong><em>TM1517<\/em> <\/strong>bu gruba girer.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: small;\">&nbsp;&nbsp; * &Ouml;n di\u015fleri nispeten k&uuml;&ccedil;&uuml;k, &ouml;\u011f&uuml;t&uuml;c&uuml; arka di\u015fleri ise b&uuml;y&uuml;kt&uuml;r. Bulunan pek &ccedil;ok &ouml;rnekte sagital kret mecvuttur ki bu da &ccedil;ok fazla &ccedil;i\u011fneme, dolay\u0131s\u0131yla g&uuml;&ccedil;l&uuml; &ccedil;i\u011fneme kaslar\u0131 gerektiren bir beslenme \u015fekline i\u015faret eder.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: small;\"><em>&nbsp;&nbsp; * Robustus<\/em> fosilleriyle bulunan kemiklerin, topra\u011f\u0131 kazma aletleri olarak kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olabilece\u011fi d&uuml;\u015f&uuml;nd&uuml;rm&uuml;\u015ft&uuml;r.<\/span>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3><em><strong>Paranthropus (Australopithecus) boisei<\/strong>&nbsp;<\/em> (eski ismi:&nbsp;<em>Zinjanthropus boisei<\/em>)<\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva; font-size: small;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/image.axd?picture=2011%2f5%2fOH+5+palanthropus+boisei.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"341\" height=\"525\" \/>&nbsp;<\/span>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: small;\">&nbsp;&nbsp; *2,1 &ndash; 1,1 milyon y\u0131l &ouml;nce ya\u015fam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: small;\"><strong><em>&nbsp;&nbsp; *OH5<\/em><\/strong> (<strong>Zinj<\/strong> veya <strong>Nutracker Man<\/strong>) bu t&uuml;re ait 1959 y\u0131l\u0131nda Tanzanya&rsquo;da bulunan bir &ouml;rnektir ve 1,8 milyon y\u0131l &ouml;ncesinden kalmad\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: small;\"><em>&nbsp;&nbsp; *A.robustus<\/em>&rsquo;a benzer ama surat ve yanaklar daha da geni\u015ftir.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: small;\">&nbsp;&nbsp; *Beyin hacmi <em>robustus<\/em> gibi 530&nbsp;cm<sup>3<\/sup> civar\u0131ndad\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: small;\"><em>&nbsp; Australopithecus aethiopicus<\/em>,&nbsp;<em>robustus<\/em>&nbsp;ve&nbsp;<em>boisei&nbsp;<\/em><span style=\"color: #800080;\"><strong>g&uuml;&ccedil;l&uuml; australopithecuslar<\/strong><\/span> olarak bilinirler, &ccedil;&uuml;nk&uuml; &ouml;zellikle kafataslar\u0131 iri kemiklidir. \u0130nsan\u0131n <em>do\u011frudan&nbsp;<\/em>atas\u0131 olmak i&ccedil;in &ccedil;ok uygun adaylar de\u011fildirler. Bir&ccedil;ok uzman onlar\u0131 art\u0131k Paranthropus tak\u0131m\u0131na dahil etmektedir.<\/span>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva; font-size: small;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/image.axd?picture=2011%2f5%2f391-004-B5B8E57A.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"745\" height=\"402\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<h3><em>Homo gautengensi<\/em><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva; font-size: small;\">&nbsp;&nbsp; *2010 y\u0131l\u0131nda G&uuml;ney Afrika&#8217;da bulunan k\u0131smi bir kafatas\u0131 fosilinin incelenmesi sonucunda bu canl\u0131n\u0131n aranan kay\u0131p halkalardan biri olabilece\u011fi, yani Homo cinsinin ilk t&uuml;rlerinden biri &nbsp;olabilece\u011fi &uuml;zerinde duruluyor.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva; font-size: small;\">&nbsp;&nbsp; *1,95 milyon y\u0131l &ouml;ncesine ait oldu\u011fu d&uuml;\u015f&uuml;n&uuml;len &ouml;rnek, &ccedil;ok yeni bir bulu\u015f olmas\u0131 nedeniyle hala incelenmektedir ve hakk\u0131ndaki bilgiler hen&uuml;z kesinlik kazanmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><em>Homo habilis<\/em><\/h3>\n<p class=\"infuse\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: small;\">&nbsp; &nbsp; *2,4 milyon-1,5 milyon y\u0131l &ouml;nce ya\u015fam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"infuse\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: small;\">&nbsp;&nbsp; *1960 yl\u0131nda Tanzanya&rsquo;da bulunan iki fosil; <strong><em>OH7<\/em><\/strong> ve <strong><em>OH8<\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"infuse\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: small;\">&nbsp;&nbsp; *1968 y\u0131l\u0131nda yine Tanzanya&rsquo;da bulunan <strong><em>OH24<\/em><\/strong> (<strong>Twiggy<\/strong>)<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"infuse\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: small;\">&nbsp;&nbsp; *1973te Kenya&rsquo;da bulunan <strong><em>KNM ER1813<\/em>&nbsp;<\/strong> bu t&uuml;re ait en &uuml;nl&uuml; fosil &ouml;rnekleridir.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva; font-size: small;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/image.axd?picture=2011%2f5%2fHomo+habilis-KNM+ER.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"297\" height=\"392\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva; font-size: small; color: #000000;\"><strong>\u015eekil:<\/strong> KNM ER1813<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva; font-size: small;\"><em>&nbsp;&nbsp; * Homo habilis<\/em>, fosil kay\u0131tlar\u0131nda insana en &ccedil;ok benzeyen en eski canl\u0131yd\u0131. <em>P.bosei&nbsp; <\/em>ile ayn\u0131 d&ouml;nemde ya\u015fam\u0131\u015f olan <em>Homo habilis<\/em>, bizim &uuml;&ccedil;te ikimiz b&uuml;y&uuml;kl&uuml;\u011f&uuml;ndedir ve beyinleri <em>Australopithecus<\/em>lardan belirgin \u015fekilde daha b&uuml;y&uuml;kt&uuml;r (500-800&nbsp;cm).<\/span>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p class=\"infuse\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: small;\">&nbsp;&nbsp; * &#8220;H&uuml;nerli i\u015f&ccedil;i&#8221; anlam\u0131na gelen <em>H.habilis<\/em>, alet icat edip bunlar\u0131 kemik k\u0131rmak ve kemik ili\u011fi &ccedil;\u0131karmak i&ccedil;in kulicalanan en eski t&uuml;rd&uuml;r. Oldowan olarak bilinen bu alet yapma gelene\u011fi, hi&ccedil; de\u011fi\u015fmeden 1 milyon y\u0131l kadar devam etmi\u015ftir. Oldowan aletleri ta\u015flardan yap\u0131l\u0131rd\u0131. Bu s&uuml;re&ccedil;te, b&uuml;y&uuml;k beyin hacimlerine ra\u011fmen <em>Paranthropus <\/em>t&uuml;r&uuml;n&uuml;n 1,2 milyon y\u0131l &ouml;nce nesli t&uuml;kenmi\u015fti.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva; font-size: small;\"><strong>G&uuml;ncelleme<\/strong> (2015)<strong>:<\/strong> Kenya&rsquo;daki Lomekwi kaz\u0131 alan\u0131nda bulunan 3,3 milyon y\u0131ll\u0131k ta\u015f aletler bu bilgiyi de\u011fi\u015ftirebilir. (Bizimki olan <em>Homo<\/em> cinsinin k&ouml;kenini 2,8 milyon y\u0131l geriye &ccedil;eken bu ke\u015fifle ilgili <em>Science <\/em><a href=\"http:\/\/www.sciencemag.org\/news\/2015\/04\/world-s-oldest-stone-tools-discovered-kenya\" target=\"_blank\">makalesi<\/a>,&nbsp;<em>Nature<\/em>&rsquo;da yay\u0131nlanan&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/nature\/journal\/v521\/n7552\/full\/nature14464.html\" target=\"_blank\">makale<\/a>.&nbsp;Ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 T&uuml;rk&ccedil;e bilgi i&ccedil;in <a href=\"http:\/\/www.evrimselantropoloji.org\/bilinen-en-eski-tas-aletler-33-milyon-yillik\/\" target=\"_blank\">t\u0131klay\u0131n<\/a>.)&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"infuse\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: small;\">&nbsp;&nbsp; * Baz\u0131 bilim insanlar\u0131, y\u0131rt\u0131c\u0131lara kar\u015f\u0131 ekip halinde &ccedil;al\u0131\u015fmay\u0131 &ouml;\u011frenmenin, Homo cinsine &uuml;st&uuml;nl&uuml;k sa\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 d&uuml;\u015f&uuml;nmektedir.<\/span>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva; font-size: small;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/image.axd?picture=2011%2f5%2fHomo+habilis15.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"325\" height=\"325\" \/><\/span><span style=\"font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: small;\">&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: small;\"><em>&nbsp;&nbsp; * Homo habilis&#8217;<\/em>in di\u015fleri ve &ccedil;enesi <em>Paranthropus&#8217;<\/em>tan &ccedil;ok daha k&uuml;&ccedil;&uuml;kt&uuml;r ve b&uuml;y&uuml;k ihtimalle b&uuml;y&uuml;k miktarlarda et yiyen ilk insand\u0131r. Le\u015f yiyicilikle ba\u015flayan bu etobur beslenme sonucu meydana gelen enerji, beyin hacmindeki art\u0131\u015f\u0131 tetiklemi\u015f olabilir. Bilim adamlar\u0131, &ccedil;ene kaslar\u0131n\u0131 zay\u0131flatan bir mutasyon sonucunda, beynimizin b&uuml;y&uuml;mesi i&ccedil;in kafatas\u0131nda yeterli alan a&ccedil;\u0131lmas\u0131yla beynin b&uuml;y&uuml;d&uuml;\u011f&uuml; &uuml;zerinde durmaktad\u0131r. Broca b&ouml;lgesi denilen ve konu\u015fma yetene\u011fi i&ccedil;in \u015fart olan kabar\u0131nt\u0131, bir<em> H.&nbsp;habilis&#8217;<\/em>in kemikten al&ccedil;\u0131 modelinde mevcuttur. Bu da ilkel bir konu\u015fma yetene\u011fine sahip olmu\u015f olabilece\u011fini g&ouml;sterir. 127 cm boyunda, 45 kg a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda oldu\u011fu anla\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Di\u015fi bireyler daha k&uuml;&ccedil;&uuml;k olabilir.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><em>Homo georgicus<\/em><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: small;\">*2001 G&uuml;rcistan&#8217;da bulunan <strong>D 2700<\/strong> fosili bu gruba girer ve 1,8 milyon ya\u015f\u0131ndad\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: small;\"><em>*H. habilis<\/em>&nbsp;ile&nbsp;<em>H. erectus<\/em> aras\u0131ndaki bir ara formdur.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: small;\">*Beyin hacmi 600-780&nbsp;cm<sup>3<\/sup>&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: small;\">*2001&rsquo;de tam olmayan bir iskelet daha bulundu ama hen&uuml;z detaylar\u0131 bilinmiyor (Vekua vd 2002, Gabunia vd 2002).<\/span>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3><em>Homo erectus<\/em><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: small;\">*1,8 milyon- 300 bin y\u0131l &ouml;nce ya\u015fam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/span>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p class=\"infuse\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: small;\">*Bu t&uuml;re ait ilk &ouml;rnek, 1891&rsquo;de Endonezya&rsquo;da bulundu (Eug&egrave;ne&nbsp;Dubois taraf\u0131ndan). <strong><em>Java Man<\/em><\/strong> ismi verilen bu &ouml;rnek, 1-0,7 milyon y\u0131l &ouml;ncesinden kalmad\u0131r.<\/span>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva; font-size: small;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/image.axd?picture=2011%2f5%2fHomoErectusPekingHalfProfile.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"336\" height=\"346\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-size: small; font-family: verdana, geneva; color: #000000;\"><strong>Resim:<\/strong> Peking Man<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"infuse\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: small;\">&nbsp;&nbsp; *Daha sonra 1921 y\u0131l\u0131nda <em><strong>Peking Man <\/strong><\/em>olarak isimlendirilen ve 780-680 bin y\u0131l &ouml;ncesine ait bir fosil de &Ccedil;in&rsquo;de bulundu.<\/span>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva; font-size: small;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/image.axd?picture=2011%2f5%2fPeking_Man_Skull.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"343\" height=\"343\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva; font-size: small; color: #000000;\"><strong>Resim:&nbsp;<\/strong>Peking Man<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<span style=\"font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: small;\">&nbsp;&nbsp; *En &ouml;nemli fosillerden birisi olan <strong>Turkana boy&nbsp;<\/strong>veya <strong>Nariokotome Boy<\/strong>, 1984 y\u0131l\u0131nda Kenya&rsquo;daki Nariokotome b&ouml;lgesinde bulunan Turkana g&ouml;l&uuml; yak\u0131nlar\u0131nda &nbsp;bulunmu\u015ftur ve elimizdeki en eksiksiz fosillerden birisidir. 1,5 milyon y\u0131l &ouml;ncesine tarihlenen&nbsp;Turkana boy, kimi uzmanlarca <em>Homo ergaster,<\/em> kimilerince de <em>Homo erectus<\/em> olarak s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r.&nbsp; Bu 16 ya\u015f\u0131ndaki gen&ccedil; erkek bireye ait fosil incelemeleri, pelvis b&ouml;lgesinin g&uuml;n&uuml;m&uuml;zdeki geni\u015fli\u011fine ula\u015fm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011funu g&ouml;stermektedir. Bu ke\u015fif, b&uuml;y&uuml;yen kafatas\u0131 ve beyin oranlar\u0131 da g&ouml;z &ouml;n&uuml;ne al\u0131n\u0131nca, g&uuml;n&uuml;m&uuml;zde insan di\u015filerinin do\u011fum i&ccedil;in yard\u0131ma ihtiyac\u0131 olmas\u0131, bebeklerin daha erken do\u011fmas\u0131, &ccedil;ocuk bak\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n daha uzun s&uuml;reye ihtiya&ccedil; duymas\u0131 gibi maymun di\u015filerinden farkl\u0131 oldu\u011fu baz\u0131 &ouml;zelliklerin ortaya &ccedil;\u0131k\u0131\u015f sebeplerine \u0131\u015f\u0131k tutmaktad\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva; font-size: small;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/image.axd?picture=2011%2f5%2fturkana+boy+Kamoya+KimeuRichard+Leakey.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"269\" height=\"768\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"infuse\" style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva; font-size: small; color: #000000;\"><strong>Resim:&nbsp;<\/strong>Turkana boy (Nariokotome boy)<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"infuse\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: small;\">&nbsp;&nbsp; *Bunlar\u0131n d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda bu t&uuml;re ait &uuml;nl&uuml; fosiller 1937-39 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda bulunan <strong><em>Sangiran 2 <\/em><\/strong>ve <strong><em>Sangiran 4<\/em><\/strong>&rsquo;t&uuml;r. Ve sonradan daha ba\u015fka fosiller de bulunmu\u015ftur.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"infuse\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: small;\">&nbsp; &nbsp;*Beyin hacmi 850-1100 cm<sup>3<\/sup>&nbsp;olan <em>H. erectus<\/em>&#8216;un, kesin olmamakla birlikte denize a&ccedil;\u0131lan, mamut ve yabani at gibi hayvanlar\u0131 avlayan, ate\u015fi kullanan ve bar\u0131nak yapan ilk insan t&uuml;r&uuml; olabilece\u011fi d&uuml;\u015f&uuml;n&uuml;lmektedir.<em> H. habilis <\/em>gibi b&uuml;y&uuml;k az\u0131 di\u015fleri i&ccedil;eren &ccedil;\u0131k\u0131k &ccedil;ene, kal\u0131n ka\u015f t&uuml;msekleri vard\u0131r, &ccedil;ene ucu belirgin de\u011fildir.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva; font-size: small;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/image.axd?picture=2011%2f5%2fhominids.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"421\" height=\"281\" \/><\/span>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: small;\">&nbsp;&nbsp; *\u0130skeleti modern insandan daha iri yap\u0131l\u0131, dolay\u0131s\u0131yla daha g&uuml;&ccedil;l&uuml;d&uuml;r. Bulunan &ouml;rneklerde &ccedil;e\u015fitlilik vard\u0131r, <strong>Turkana boy<\/strong> uzun boylu ve ince yap\u0131l\u0131yken, <strong>Pekin Man<\/strong> daha k\u0131sa ve t\u0131knaz yap\u0131l\u0131d\u0131r. Turkana boy &uuml;zerinde yap\u0131lan &ccedil;al\u0131\u015fmalar, <em>erectus<\/em>&rsquo;un y&uuml;r&uuml;me konusunda modern insanlardan daha becerikli olabilece\u011fini g&ouml;stermi\u015ftir (Willis 1989).&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: small;\"><em>&nbsp; *Homo habilis<\/em>&nbsp;ve b&uuml;t&uuml;n <em>australopithecus<\/em>lar sadece Afrika&rsquo;da bulunmu\u015ftur. Fakat H.erectus daha geni\u015f bir yay\u0131l\u0131m g&ouml;sterir, Afrika, Asya ve Avrupa&#8217;da da bulunmu\u015f, &Ccedil;in&rsquo;e kadar yay\u0131l\u0131m g&ouml;stermi\u015ftir. <em>Erectus&#8217;<\/em>un ate\u015fi kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131na dair kan\u0131t vard\u0131r ve ta\u015f aletleri <em>habilis<\/em>&#8216;ten daha geli\u015fkindir.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva; font-size: small;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/image.axd?picture=2011%2f5%2fHomo_ergaster.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"261\" height=\"316\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-size: small; font-family: verdana, geneva; color: #000000;\"><strong>\u015eekil:<\/strong> KNM ER 3733<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<span style=\"font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: small;\">&nbsp;&nbsp; *1,65 milyon y\u0131l &ouml;ncesine gelindi\u011finde bir ba\u015fka t&uuml;r olan <em>Homo ergaster<\/em> ortaya &ccedil;\u0131kar.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: small;\">&nbsp;&nbsp; *Baz\u0131 uzmanlar Afrikal\u0131 <em>erectus <\/em>t&uuml;rlerini, Asyal\u0131 <em>H.erectus&#8217;<\/em>tan baz\u0131 kafatas\u0131 &ouml;zellikleri bak\u0131m\u0131ndan farkl\u0131 olmas\u0131 nedeniyle, <em>Homo ergaster<\/em> grubunda s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131r\u0131r. B&ouml;yle bir s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131rma yap\u0131lmas\u0131 halinde, <strong>Turkana boy<\/strong> ve <strong>KNM ER3733<\/strong> gibi &ouml;rnekler de <em>H. ergaster<\/em> s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131na girmelidir.&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"infuse\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: small;\">&nbsp;&nbsp; *Aletlerini Acheulean tekni\u011fi denilen farkl\u0131 bir teknikle yap\u0131yorlard\u0131. Bu teknik, nerdeyse b&uuml;t&uuml;n ta\u015f devri boyunca kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Baz\u0131 uzmanlara g&ouml;re <em>H. ergaster<\/em>, ilk k\u0131ls\u0131z v&uuml;cuda sahip olan ve de ilk kez terleyen hominan t&uuml;r&uuml;d&uuml;r.<\/span>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3 class=\"infuse\"><em>H. cepranensis<\/em>&nbsp;ve&nbsp;<em>H. antecessor<\/em><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva; font-size: small;\"><em>&nbsp; &nbsp;* H. erectus<\/em>&nbsp;ile&nbsp;<em>H. heidelbergensis<\/em> aras\u0131 bir form olduklar\u0131 d&uuml;\u015f&uuml;n&uuml;l&uuml;yor ama incelenmeleri s&uuml;r&uuml;yor.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva; font-size: small;\"><em>&nbsp; &nbsp;* H. cepranensis<\/em>&nbsp;(800 bin y\u0131l)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva; font-size: small;\"><em>&nbsp; &nbsp;* H. antecessor<\/em> &nbsp;(1,2 milyon-500 bin y\u0131l)<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><em>Homo naledi<\/em><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva; font-size: small;\">&nbsp; &nbsp;2013 y\u0131l\u0131nda Afrika&#8217;n\u0131n Gauteng vilayetindeki Rising Star Ma\u011faralar\u0131nda* ke\u015ffedildi ve&nbsp;2015 y\u0131l\u0131nda bilim camias\u0131na duyuruldu.Eyl&uuml;l 2015 itibariyle ayn\u0131 ma\u011fara sisteminde en az 15 bireye ait toplam 1550 &ouml;rnek bulunmu\u015ftur. Sotho dilinde &#8220;naledi&#8221; kelimesi &#8220;y\u0131ld\u0131z&#8221; anlam\u0131na gelir ve bulundu\u011fu ma\u011faran\u0131n ismine&nbsp;ithafen&nbsp;verilmi\u015ftir *(<em>Rising Star<\/em>, Y&uuml;kselen Y\u0131ld\u0131z anlam\u0131na gelmektedir).<\/span><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/image.axd?picture=2016%2f1%2f18961297_homo-naledijpg.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"546\" height=\"273\" \/>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva; font-size: small;\">&nbsp; Fosillerin ka&ccedil; y\u0131ll\u0131k oldu\u011fu hen&uuml;z kesin olarak belirlenmemi\u015ftir &ccedil;&uuml;nk&uuml; ekip, &ccedil;al\u0131\u015fman\u0131n bilim camias\u0131na duyurulmas\u0131ndan &ouml;nce fosillerde bozunmaya yol a&ccedil;abilen <a href=\"\/post\/2012\/03\/31\/Yeni-baslayanlar-icin-dunyanin-yasi\">radyokarbon tarihleme y&ouml;ntemini<\/a> uygulamak istememi\u015ftir; ama \u015fimdilik tahminler bu Homo t&uuml;r&uuml;n&uuml;, &ccedil;ok kabaca (farkl\u0131 tahminlerin derlemesi olarak) 1 milyon-2,8 milyon y\u0131l &ouml;nceki d&ouml;neme yerle\u015ftirmektedir. Paleoantropologlar, bu fosillerin ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 incelemesini yaparken temkinli olmaya devam etmekte, dolay\u0131s\u0131yla &ccedil;ok yeni olan bu fosil t&uuml;re ili\u015fkin \u015fimdiki bilgilerimiz de\u011fi\u015febilir. &Ouml;l&uuml; g&ouml;mme al\u0131\u015fkanl\u0131klar\u0131yla ilgili spek&uuml;lasyonlar da bu y&ouml;ntemsel verileri beklemektedir. Konuyla ilgili &ccedil;ok daha kapsaml\u0131 bir yaz\u0131ya <a href=\"http:\/\/www.evrimagaci.org\/fotograf\/93\/7733\" target=\"_blank\">buradan<\/a> ula\u015fabilirsiniz.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/image.axd?picture=2016%2f1%2fComparison_of_skull_features_of_Homo_naledi_and_other_early_human_species.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"770\" height=\"385\" \/><\/h3>\n<h3><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva; color: #993366; font-size: small;\"><em><br \/><\/em><\/span>&nbsp;Arkaik<em> Homo sapiens&nbsp;&nbsp;(Homo heidelbergensis)&nbsp;<\/em><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: small;\"><em>&nbsp;&nbsp; *Homo sapiens<\/em>&#8216;in arkaik formlar\u0131 524 bin y\u0131l &ouml;nce ya\u015fam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu t&uuml;r, hem <em>Homo erectus<\/em>&rsquo;un hem de modern insan\u0131n beyin &ouml;zelliklerini ta\u015f\u0131r. Beyin hacmi <em>erectus&#8217;<\/em>tan b&uuml;y&uuml;k ve &ccedil;o\u011fu modern insandan k&uuml;&ccedil;&uuml;kt&uuml;r (ortalama 1200&nbsp;cm<sup>3<\/sup>).<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: small;\">&nbsp;&nbsp; *Kafatas\u0131 <em>H. erectus&rsquo;<\/em>tan daha yuvarlakt\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: small;\">&nbsp;&nbsp; *\u0130skeleti ve di\u015fleri <em>H. erectus<\/em>&rsquo;tan daha zay\u0131f, ama modern insandan daha iri ve g&uuml;&ccedil;l&uuml;d&uuml;r.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: small;\"><em>&nbsp;&nbsp; *H. erectus<\/em> ile <em>arkaik sapiens<\/em> aras\u0131nda net ve kesin bir ayr\u0131m hatt\u0131 yoktur, pek &ccedil;ok fosil 500 bin ile 200 bin y\u0131l &ouml;ncesine ait olup aralar\u0131ndaki farklar\u0131 belirlemek zordur.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: small;\">&nbsp; &nbsp;*209 bin y\u0131l &ouml;ncesine ait olan <strong>Dali<\/strong> fosili, kimi uzmanlarca <em>Homo sapiens sapiens&#8217;<\/em>e, kimilerine g&ouml;re de<em> H. erectus<\/em>&#8216;a dahil edilmektedir.&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: small;\">&nbsp;&nbsp; *1994 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u0130ngiltere&rsquo;de bulunan <strong>Boxgrove Man <\/strong>ve \u0130talya&rsquo;da bulunan <strong>Altamura Man <\/strong>bu t&uuml;r&uuml;n &ouml;rne\u011fi olan fosillerdir.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><em>Homo sapiens neanderthalensis&nbsp;(Homo neanderthalensis)<\/em><\/h3>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva; font-size: small;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/image.axd?picture=2011%2f5%2fkrapina.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"300\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: verdana, geneva; font-size: small;\"><span style=\"text-decoration: none; background-image: none;\"><strong>\u015eekil:&nbsp;<\/strong>Krapina C<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: small;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; *Neandertal insan, 230 bin ile 30 bin y\u0131l &ouml;nce Avrupa ve Orta Asya&#8217;da yayg\u0131n olarak ya\u015fam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: small;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; *Bu t&uuml;re ait ilk fosil 1899 y\u0131l\u0131nda H\u0131rvatistanda bulunan <strong>Krapina<\/strong>&rsquo;d\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: small; color: #000000;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; *<strong>Steinheim Skull<\/strong> &nbsp;1933 y\u0131l\u0131nda Almanya b&ouml;lgesinde,<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: small; color: #000000;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; *<strong>Swanscombe Man <\/strong>&nbsp;1935 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u0130ngiltere&rsquo;de,<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: small; color: #000000;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; *<strong>Bontnewydd&nbsp;<\/strong> 1981 yl\u0131nda \u0130ngiltere&rsquo;de bulunmu\u015ftur ve bu hepsi de bu t&uuml;re girerler.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: small;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; *<strong>Tahun C1<\/strong> (\u0130srail&rsquo;de), <strong>Mt. Circeo<\/strong>, <strong>Saccapastore<\/strong>, <strong>La quina 5<\/strong> ve <strong>18<\/strong>, <strong>Neanderthal 1, La Ferrassie 1 &nbsp;<\/strong>gibi bu gruba ait daha pek &ccedil;ok fosil, kemik-di\u015f-&ccedil;ene &ouml;rne\u011fi vard\u0131r.<\/span>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva; font-size: small;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/image.axd?picture=2011%2f5%2fFerrassie_skull+homo+neanderthal.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"384\" height=\"316\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: verdana, geneva; font-size: small;\"><span style=\"text-decoration: none; background-image: none;\"><strong>\u015eekil:&nbsp;<\/strong>La Ferrassie 1<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: small;\">&nbsp;&nbsp; *Beyin hacmi, modern insandan biraz daha b&uuml;y&uuml;kt&uuml;r (yakla\u015f\u0131k 1450&nbsp;cm<sup>3<\/sup>), ama bu b&uuml;y&uuml;k olas\u0131l\u0131kla daha b&uuml;y&uuml;k olan v&uuml;cut yap\u0131lar\u0131yla ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131d\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: small;\">&nbsp;&nbsp; *Beynin i&ccedil;inde bulundu\u011fu kranyum, modern insan\u0131nkinden daha uzun ve al&ccedil;akt\u0131r. <em>Erectus<\/em> gibi &ccedil;\u0131k\u0131&ccedil; &ccedil;ene ve bas\u0131k alna sahiptir ve &ccedil;ene ucu belirgin de\u011fildir. Orta y&uuml;z b&ouml;lgesi de d\u0131\u015fa &ccedil;\u0131k\u0131kt\u0131r ki bu &ouml;zellik ne <em>erectus<\/em>&#8216;ta, ne <em>sapiens&#8217;<\/em>te g&ouml;r&uuml;lmez ve so\u011fu\u011fa uyum i&ccedil;in geli\u015fmi\u015f olabilir. Modern insandan pek &ccedil;ok ba\u015fka &ouml;zellik ile ayr\u0131l\u0131r, bunlardan en ilgin&ccedil; olanlar\u0131 k&uuml;rek kemi\u011fi ve pelvisteki kas\u0131k kemi\u011fidir.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: small;\"><em>&nbsp;&nbsp; *Neandertal <\/em>fosilleri, <em>H. erectus<\/em>&#8216;unkilerden daha geli\u015fkin aletler ve silahlarla beraber bulunmu\u015ftur. &Ouml;l&uuml;lerini g&ouml;men ilk insanlard\u0131r. Bilinen en eski mezar benzeri yap\u0131 100 bin y\u0131ll\u0131kt\u0131r (Trinkaus and Shipman 1992; Trinkaus and Howells 1979; Gore 1996)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: small;\">&nbsp;&nbsp; *Neandertaller so\u011fuk iklimde ya\u015fam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r ve v&uuml;cut &ouml;zellikleri, so\u011fu\u011fa uyum sa\u011flam\u0131\u015f olan modern insanlara benzer (k\u0131sa ve t\u0131knaz v&uuml;cut yap\u0131s\u0131, k\u0131sa uzuvlar gibi &ouml;zellikler). 168 cm boyunda olup kal\u0131n ve a\u011f\u0131r, g&uuml;&ccedil;l&uuml; kas ba\u011flant\u0131 yerleri i&ccedil;eren kemikleri vard\u0131r. Zor ya\u015fam ko\u015fullar\u0131na dayan\u0131kl\u0131d\u0131rlar.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: small;\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"\/\/player.vimeo.com\/video\/145841010?title=0&amp;amp;byline=0\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva; font-size: small;\">&nbsp;&#8220;Son Neandertal Ao&#8221; ad\u0131 fimle&nbsp;ilgili bilgi almak i&ccedil;in <a href=\"\/post\/2011\/06\/19\/Son-Neandertal-Ao\" target=\"_blank\">t\u0131klay\u0131n<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><em>Homo floresiensis<\/em>&nbsp;(Flores insan\u0131 veya &ldquo;hobbit&rdquo;)<\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva; font-size: small;\"><em>&nbsp; &nbsp;*&nbsp;Homo<\/em> cinsine dahil edilip edilmemesi gerekti\u011fi halen tart\u0131\u015f\u0131lmakta olan <em>Homo floresiensis<\/em>&rsquo;e ait iskelet kal\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131 100 bin &#8211; 60 bin y\u0131l &ouml;ncesine; bu iskelet kal\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131yla birlikte bulunan ta\u015f aletlerse 190 bin &#8211; 50 bin y\u0131l &ouml;ncesine tarihlenmi\u015ftir.<\/span><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva; font-size: small;\">&nbsp;<\/span><br \/><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva; font-size: small;\">&nbsp; &nbsp;*&nbsp;2003 y\u0131l\u0131nda Endonezya&rsquo;n\u0131n Flores adas\u0131nda ke\u015ffedilen ve bir <em>Homo floresiensis<\/em> bireyine ait olan kal\u0131nt\u0131lar, onun yakla\u015f\u0131k 1,1 metre boyunda oldu\u011funa i\u015faret etmektedir. Ayr\u0131ca dokuz ayr\u0131 bireye ait eksik iskelet kal\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131 bulunmu\u015ftur; bunlardan birisi eksiksiz bir kafatas\u0131 fosili olup <strong>LB1<\/strong> olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. K&uuml;&ccedil;&uuml;k bir bedene sahip olan <em>H. floresiensis<\/em>&rsquo;in beyni de ayn\u0131 &ouml;l&ccedil;&uuml;de k&uuml;&ccedil;&uuml;kt&uuml;r. LB1 &ouml;rne\u011fine bak\u0131l\u0131rsa, beyin hacmi 380 cm3&rsquo;t&uuml;r; yani en yak\u0131n atas\u0131 oldu\u011fu varsay\u0131lan (bu da tart\u0131\u015fmal\u0131 bir konudur) <em>H. erectus<\/em>&#8216;un&nbsp;beyninin yar\u0131s\u0131 kadard\u0131r ve de \u015fempanzelerin veya <em>australopithecus<\/em>&rsquo;lar\u0131n beyniyle hemen hemen ayn\u0131 hacimdedir.<\/span>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva; font-size: small;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/image.axd?picture=2011%2f5%2fLB+1+(Hobbit)Homo_floresiensis.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"395\" height=\"438\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva; font-size: small; color: #000000;\"><strong>\u015eekil:<\/strong> LB 1 (Hobbit)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva; font-size: small;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/image.axd?picture=2011%2f5%2fhomo_florensiensis_513_fs.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"294\" height=\"392\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva; font-size: small; color: #000000;\"><strong>\u015eekil:&nbsp;<\/strong>LB 1 (Hobbit) canland\u0131rma<em><br \/><\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva; font-size: small;\">&nbsp;&nbsp; *Beyin hacmi 417 cm<sup>3<\/sup>&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva; font-size: small;\">&nbsp; &nbsp;* En eksiksiz eri\u015fkin di\u015fi fosilidir.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva; font-size: small;\">&nbsp; &nbsp;* 1 metre boyundad\u0131r, <em>Homo erectus&#8217;<\/em>un c&uuml;ce formu oldu\u011fu da d&uuml;\u015f&uuml;n&uuml;lmektedir. (B&uuml;y&uuml;k memelilerin c&uuml;ce formlar\u0131n\u0131n yal\u0131t\u0131lm\u0131\u015f adalarda evrimle\u015fmesi s\u0131k rastlanan bir durumdur.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: small;\">&nbsp;&nbsp; *Tamamen bipedaldir. Alet ve ate\u015fi kullanm\u0131\u015f, adada bulunan c&uuml;ce filleri avlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (Brown et al. 2004, Morwood et al. 2004, Lahr and Foley 2004).<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><strong>Denisova hominini <\/strong>&nbsp;(X-woman)<\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva; font-size: small;\">&nbsp;&nbsp; *Rusya&#8217;daki Denisova ma\u011faras\u0131nda,&nbsp;farkl\u0131 bireylere ait&nbsp;41 bin y\u0131ll\u0131k bir parmak kemi\u011fi ile di\u015f kal\u0131nt\u0131s\u0131 bulundu\u011fu duyuruldu.&nbsp;2010 y\u0131l\u0131nda duyurulan ve farkl\u0131 bireylere ait olan di\u015f ve parmak kemi\u011fi &ouml;rneklerine ek olarak, 2011 y\u0131l\u0131nda da bir ayak parma\u011f\u0131 kemi\u011fi bulunmu\u015ftur.&nbsp;Bulunan b&ouml;lgenin so\u011fuk iklim \u015fartlar\u0131, iyi korunmu\u015f olan DNA&#8217;n\u0131n incelemesini kolayla\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131. Bu v&uuml;cut par&ccedil;alar\u0131n\u0131n mitokondriyal DNA&nbsp;(mtDNA) tekni\u011fiyle incelenmesi sonucunda kal\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131n, hen&uuml;z tan\u0131mlanmam\u0131\u015f yeni bir <em>Homo<\/em> cinsine ait olabilece\u011fi d&uuml;\u015f&uuml;n&uuml;ld&uuml;. Denisova Ma\u011faras\u0131, kal\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131n i\u015faret etti\u011fi tarihle ayn\u0131 tarihlerde neandertal ve modern insanlar taraf\u0131ndan da kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/span>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva; font-size: small;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/image.axd?picture=2011%2f5%2fdenisova7.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"407\" height=\"263\" \/><\/span>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva; font-size: small;\">&nbsp;&nbsp; *Denisova Hominini&#8217;nin (Denisovalar olarak bilinir) mtDNA&#8217;s\u0131, neandertaller&#8217;den farkl\u0131d\u0131r. Uluslararas\u0131 bir bilim adam\u0131 ekibi, parmak kemi\u011finin genomundaki diziyi belirledi. &Ccedil;\u0131kan sonu&ccedil;lara g&ouml;re, Denisovalar ile neandertaller ortak ataya sahiptir ve Melanezyal\u0131larla da &ccedil;iftle\u015fmi\u015flerdir. Analizlere g&ouml;re, modern insan, neandertaller ve Denisova homininleri en son 1 milyon y\u0131l &ouml;nce ortak bir ataya sahipmi\u015f. Ayr\u0131ca yine DNA &ccedil;al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131na g&ouml;re, bu yeni hominin t&uuml;r&uuml;, Afrika&#8217;dan erken g&ouml;&ccedil;&uuml;n sonucu olabilir.&nbsp;&Ccedil;ok yeni olan bu t&uuml;r ile ilgili &ccedil;al\u0131\u015fmalar devam etmektedir.<\/span>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva; font-size: small;\">&nbsp; *Denisova insan\u0131n\u0131n genomu &ccedil;&ouml;z&uuml;ld&uuml;; konuyla ilgili g&uuml;ncel haberi okumak i&ccedil;in <span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><a href=\"\/post\/2012\/02\/13\/Denisova-insani-genomunun-tamami-tanimlandi\" target=\"_blank\">t\u0131klay\u0131n.<\/a><\/span><br \/><\/span><\/p>\n<h3><strong><em>Homo longi<\/em>&nbsp;<\/strong>(Ejderha adam)<\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva; font-size: small;\">&nbsp; &nbsp;Ge&ccedil;mi\u015fte &Ccedil;in&#8217;in Heilongjiang eyaletinin Harbin \u015fehrinde ke\u015ffedilen bir kafatas\u0131, <em>Homo sapiens<\/em>&#8216;in en yak\u0131n akrabas\u0131na ait olabilir. &Ccedil;al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 25 Haziran 2021&rsquo;de <em>The Innovation<\/em> dergisinde <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cell.com\/the-innovation\/fulltext\/S2666-6758(21)00056-4\" target=\"_blank\">yay\u0131mlanan<\/a>&nbsp;bilim insanlar\u0131, <em>Homo longi<\/em> ad\u0131n\u0131 verdikleri <strong>Harbin kafatas\u0131n\u0131n<\/strong>, bize Neandertallerden bile daha yak\u0131n olan yeni bir insan t&uuml;r&uuml;ne ait olabilece\u011fini d&uuml;\u015f&uuml;n&uuml;yor.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><em>Homo sapiens sapiens<\/em>&nbsp;(modern insan)<\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva; font-size: small;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/image.axd?picture=2011%2f5%2fhuman+homo+sapiens.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"272\" height=\"365\" \/><\/span>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: small;\"><em>&nbsp;&nbsp; *H.sapiens<\/em>&#8216;in ilk modern formlar\u0131 195 bin y\u0131l &ouml;ncesinde ortaya &ccedil;\u0131kar&nbsp;(<strong>Omo<\/strong> fosili.)&nbsp;Di\u011fer <em>Homo<\/em> t&uuml;rlerinin soylar\u0131 t&uuml;kenmi\u015ftir. Geriye sadece&nbsp;g&uuml;n&uuml;m&uuml;z modern insan\u0131 olan&nbsp;<em>Homo sapiens<\/em> sapiens kalm\u0131\u015f ve t&uuml;m Eski D&uuml;nya&#8217;ya yay\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.&nbsp;<\/span><span style=\"font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: small;\">G&ouml;&ccedil; yollar\u0131yla ilgili g&uuml;ncel bir &ccedil;al\u0131\u015fmaya ula\u015fmak i&ccedil;in <a href=\"\/post\/2011\/09\/23\/Avustralya-Aborjinleri-ilk-gezginler.aspx\" target=\"_blank\">t\u0131klay\u0131n<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: small;\">&nbsp;&nbsp; *Modern insan\u0131n ortalama beyin hacmi 1130-1260 cm<sup>3<\/sup><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: small;\">&nbsp;&nbsp; *Al\u0131n dik bir \u015fekilde y&uuml;kselir, ka\u015f kabar\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131 &ccedil;ok k&uuml;&ccedil;&uuml;k veya eksiktir, &ccedil;ene dikkat &ccedil;ekici ve &ccedil;\u0131k\u0131kt\u0131r ve iskelet ince yap\u0131l\u0131d\u0131r. &nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: small;\">&nbsp;&nbsp; *\u0130lk bulunan <em>H.sapiens<\/em> fosili 1868 y\u0131l\u0131ndaki <strong>Cro-Magnon1<\/strong>&rsquo;dir. 30 bin y\u0131l &ouml;nce ya\u015fam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Kromagnon k&uuml;lt&uuml;r&uuml;n&uuml;n ortaya &ccedil;\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131yla, alet setleri daha karma\u015f\u0131k olmaya, giyim, oymac\u0131l\u0131k ve heykeltra\u015fl\u0131k gibi eserler g&ouml;r&uuml;lmeye ba\u015flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. S&uuml;sl&uuml; aletler, boncuklar, m&uuml;zik aletleri ve ma\u011fara resimleri sonraki 20 bin y\u0131lda ortaya &ccedil;\u0131kar (Leakey 1994).<\/span>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva; font-size: small;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/image.axd?picture=2011%2f5%2fCro-Magnon.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"310\" height=\"365\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva; font-size: small;\"><strong><em><span style=\"color: #888888;\">&nbsp;<\/span><\/em><\/strong><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>\u015eekil:&nbsp;<\/strong>Cro-Magnon1<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: small;\">&nbsp;&nbsp; *<strong>Cro-Magnon1 <\/strong>d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda<strong>&nbsp;Omo1, Omo2, Jebel Irhoud 1,2,3,4 <\/strong>ve <strong>Mungo Man<\/strong> gibi pek &ccedil;ok &ouml;rnek vard\u0131r. Bunlar\u0131n aras\u0131nda en eski olan <strong>Omo<\/strong>, 195 bin y\u0131l &ouml;ncesine aittir.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: small;\">&nbsp;&nbsp; *Son 100 bin y\u0131lda bile daha k&uuml;&ccedil;&uuml;k az\u0131 di\u015flerine ve v&uuml;cut irili\u011findeki g&uuml;rb&uuml;z g&ouml;r&uuml;n&uuml;mde azalmaya do\u011fru giden s&uuml;re&ccedil; devam etmi\u015ftir.Bizim \u015fu andaki y&uuml;z, &ccedil;ene ve di\u015f yap\u0131m\u0131z, bundan 10 bin y\u0131l &ouml;nce ya\u015fam\u0131\u015f olan mezolitik insana g&ouml;re %10 daha narin yap\u0131l\u0131d\u0131r. 30 bin y\u0131l &ouml;nce ya\u015fam\u0131\u015f olan &uuml;st paleolitik insanlara k\u0131yasla da, %20-30 daha narin yap\u0131l\u0131y\u0131z. \u0130lgin&ccedil; bir \u015fekilde Avustralya aborjinleri gibi baz\u0131 insan gruplar\u0131n\u0131n di\u015fleri, <em>arkaik sapiens<\/em>lere daha &ccedil;ok benzer. En k&uuml;&ccedil;&uuml;k di\u015fler, besin i\u015fleme tekniklerinin en uzun s&uuml;re kullan\u0131lmakta oldu\u011fu b&ouml;lgelerde bulunur. Bu durum, b&uuml;t&uuml;n canl\u0131larda evrimin itici g&uuml;c&uuml; olan do\u011fal se&ccedil;ilimin, son 10 bin y\u0131lda bile insan soyunda yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 de\u011fi\u015fiklerden sadece biridir (Brace 1983).<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana,geneva; font-size: small;\">&nbsp; &nbsp;Bu yaz\u0131da ad\u0131 ge&ccedil;en t&uuml;m fosillerin ger&ccedil;ek &ouml;rnekleri, d&uuml;nyan\u0131n &ccedil;e\u015fitli yerlerindeki m&uuml;zelerde sergilenmektedir.&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva; font-size: small;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/image.axd?picture=2011%2f5%2f600px-Fossil_hominids.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"469\" height=\"469\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva; font-size: small;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/image.axd?picture=2011%2f5%2f52c3c2112e173e54694fe6f2a908aed41235240161_full.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"278\" height=\"476\" \/><\/span>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: small; font-family: verdana, geneva;\">&nbsp; &nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/www.becominghuman.org\/node\/human-lineage-through-time\" target=\"_blank\">Buradan<\/a>,&nbsp;hominanlar\u0131n ge&ccedil;mi\u015fiyle ilgili g&uuml;zel bir \u015femaya&nbsp;ula\u015fabilirsiniz.<\/span>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva; font-size: small;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/image.axd?picture=2011%2f6%2f231.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"471\" height=\"420\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-size: small; font-family: verdana, geneva; color: #000000;\"><strong>Resim:&nbsp;<\/strong>Hominan t&uuml;rlerinin beyin hacmi ve ortalama boy oranlar\u0131<\/span>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva; font-size: small; color: #000000;\">&nbsp; &nbsp;Son olarak, konuyu &ouml;zetledi\u011fini d&uuml;\u015f&uuml;nd&uuml;\u011f&uuml;m ve &ccedil;ok temel bilgileri i&ccedil;eren a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki videoyu da izlemenizi &ouml;neririm. &Ouml;zellikle yeni ba\u015flayanlar ve konuya yabanc\u0131&nbsp;olanlar&nbsp;i&ccedil;in faydal\u0131 olaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 d&uuml;\u015f&uuml;n&uuml;yorum:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva; font-size: small; color: #000000;\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"\/\/player.vimeo.com\/video\/145843807?title=0&amp;amp;byline=0\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3><strong>\u015eu yaz\u0131lar da ilginizi &ccedil;ekebilir:<\/strong><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva; font-size: small;\">&#8220;\u0130&ccedil;imizdeki Bal\u0131k&#8221;&nbsp;<a href=\"\/post\/2015\/01\/20\/Icimizdeki_Balik_belgeseli_\">belgeseli<\/a>&nbsp;ve&nbsp;<a href=\"\/post\/2012\/01\/29\/icimizdeki-Balik-(insan-Vucudunun-35-Milyar-Yillik-Tarihine-Seyahat)\">kitap yorumu<\/a><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva; font-size: small;\"><a href=\"\/post\/2011\/06\/03\/Evrim-halen-devam-ediyorsa-neden-dunyada-hala-maymunlar-var\">Evrim halen devam ediyorsa neden d&uuml;nyada hala maymunlar var?<\/a><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva; font-size: small;\"><a href=\"\/post\/2014\/05\/03\/genomlarimizin-isiginda-primat-kokenimiz\">Genomlar\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131nda primat k&ouml;kenimiz<\/a><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva; font-size: small;\"><a href=\"\/post\/2013\/11\/20\/Afrikadaki_derin_tatli_su_gollerinin_insan_evrimine_etkisi\">Afrika&rsquo;daki derin tatl\u0131 su g&ouml;llerinin insan evrimine etkisi<\/a><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva; font-size: small;\"><a href=\"\/post\/2011\/04\/01\/sagelsempanzedil\">Sa\u011f elini kullanan \u015fempanzeler, konu\u015fma yetene\u011fimizin ortaya &ccedil;\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131na dair ipu&ccedil;lar\u0131 sunuyor<\/a>&nbsp;<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva; font-size: small;\"><a href=\"\/post\/2011\/11\/15\/iki-ayak-uzerinde-dik-yurumemiz-bizi-omurga-kiriklarina-yatkin-hale-getirmistir\">Bipedalizm t&uuml;r&uuml;m&uuml;z&uuml; omurga k\u0131r\u0131klar\u0131na yatk\u0131n k\u0131ld\u0131<\/a><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva; font-size: small;\"><a href=\"\/post\/2011\/03\/14\/Evrim-atiklari\">Evrim art\u0131klar\u0131 (K&ouml;relmi\u015f yap\u0131lar)<\/a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva; font-size: small;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/arsiv.ozgurdusuncehareketi.org\/yazi\/eger-zeka-uyarlanmaya-aciksa-diger-insansi-maymunlarda-da-evrilmis-olmasi-gerekmez-miydi\/\" target=\"_blank\">Zeka uyarlanmaya a&ccedil;\u0131ksa, di\u011fer insans\u0131 maymunlarda da evrilmi\u015f olmas\u0131 gerekmez miydi?<\/a>&nbsp;<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva; font-size: small;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/arsiv.ozgurdusuncehareketi.org\/yazi\/kendini-maymundan-gelmis-olmaya-layik-goruyor-musun\/\" target=\"_blank\">Kendini, maymundan gelmi\u015f olmaya lay\u0131k g&ouml;r&uuml;yor musun?<\/a><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva; font-size: small;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/arsiv.ozgurdusuncehareketi.org\/yazi\/insan-ve-sempanze-genomlari-arasindaki-fark-1den-fazla-degil-mi\/\" target=\"_blank\">\u0130nsan ve \u015fempanze genomlar\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki fark % 1&rsquo;den fazla de\u011fil mi?<\/a><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva; font-size: small;\"><strong>Kaynak&ccedil;a<\/strong><strong>:<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva; font-size: small;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.talkorigins.org\/faqs\/homs\/specimen.html\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/www.talkorigins.org\/faqs\/homs\/specimen.html<\/a><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva; font-size: small;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.newscientist.com\/article\/dn9990-introduction-human-evolution.html?full=true\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/www.newscientist.com\/article\/dn9990-introduction-human-evolution.html?full=true<\/a><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva; font-size: small;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/evrimianlamak.org\/e\/Evrim101Y:%C4%B0nsan%C4%B1n_evrimi_2\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/evrimianlamak.org\/e\/Evrim101Y:%C4%B0nsan%C4%B1n_evrimi_2<\/a><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva; font-size: small;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.eurekalert.org\/pub_releases\/2006-05\/biom-hac051106.php\"><span class=\"reference-text\"><span class=\"citation web\">&#8220;Human and chimp genomes reveal new twist on origin of species&#8221;.&nbsp;<em>[EurekAlert!\/AAAS]<\/em>. 2006-05-17.<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva; font-size: small;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_human_evolution_fossils\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_human_evolution_fossils<\/a><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva; font-size: small;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.msu.edu\/~heslipst\/contents\/ANP440\/index.htm\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">https:\/\/www.msu.edu\/~heslipst\/contents\/ANP440\/index.htm<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>&nbsp; &nbsp;Bilimin insanlara ait fosil kay\u0131tlar\u0131n\u0131 inceleyen dal\u0131na paleoantropoloji denir. Paleoantropoloji,&nbsp;paleontoloji (eski canl\u0131 t&uuml;rlerinin inceleyen bilim dal\u0131) ile antropolojinin (insanlar\u0131 inceleyen bilim dal\u0131) kesi\u015fim noktas\u0131d\u0131r.&nbsp;Canl\u0131lar\u0131n genom haritalar\u0131n\u0131n &ccedil;\u0131kar\u0131lmaya ba\u015flanmas\u0131yla, paleoantropolojiye en b&uuml;y&uuml;k destek de ku\u015fkusuz genetik biliminden gelir. Canl\u0131lar\u0131n isimlendirilerek s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 ile ilgilenenen bilim dal\u0131 taksonomidir ve yeni elde edilen verilerle zaman zaman de\u011fi\u015febilir. G&uuml;ncel [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[3],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-72","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-bilim"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/baharkilic.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/72","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/baharkilic.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/baharkilic.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/baharkilic.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/baharkilic.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=72"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/baharkilic.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/72\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":429,"href":"https:\/\/baharkilic.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/72\/revisions\/429"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/baharkilic.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=72"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/baharkilic.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=72"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/baharkilic.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=72"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}